Limitations Of The Study Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1685 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Business organizations have always procured goods as raw materials from suppliers and at the same time sold finished products to consumers on credit and defer payment for such products to the future. It is important that organizations manage such credit arrangements in a manner that should make them recoverable in the long run. Most organizations fail to manage their account receivables in the sense that there are no conscious effort on the part of management to track whatever amount are due them as companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Limitations Of The Study Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in the analysis and review of debtors lists have always contributed to financial challenges in most organizations particularly, public organizations. The management of account receivables is of vital importance to the success of organizations as it prevents revenue leakage, reduce bad debt, increase companys cash flow and also improves delivery of value services to customers. According to Roberto, Short, and Patricia (2001) accounts receivables management is the process of establishing an effective system for credit policy, credit risk management, credit risk procedure, and recognition of bad debt expense. It is established that huge ledger balances of receivables indicate a flawed credit policy and any slack in the collection period of these organizations lead to a higher possibility of bad debts. A major component of accounts receivable is the trade credit offered to trading partners by an organization. Trade credit can be viewed as a loan a su pplier provides to its customers in respect of product sales. Ferris (1981) states that short-term loan is tied in both timing and value to the exchange of goods therefore a company would want to collect receivables sooner rather than later as this will enable the company to increase its frequency of reinvestment, or turnover, of its capital. The ability to liquidate the receivables should be of great concern to companies since non-payments and late payments by credit customers can negatively affect the business operation (Zainudin, 2008). There are risks attached to offering trade credits to customers due to the duration between the time of delivery of service or products and the time the customer pays, in this case if a company sells on credit, its money is tied to the products until the customer pays. But, importantly though credit collection function is, it is often neglected and managed inefficiently. The problem, however, is not new and not confined to any particular industry or country. Ghana Water Company Limited, Kumasi within which this research is being conducted is of no exemption. The companys primary objective is to provide reliable and affordable water supply to meet the needs of its customers. However, achieving this objective seems almost illusory in the numerous challenges the company is confronted with. The Ghana Water Company Limiteds Monthly Revenue Report for May (2012), has revealed that sizeable amount of money stands in the books as arrears which its numerous customers are supposed to pay. In managing account receivables, there should be a policy that will help maximize revenue collection. It will need to take into account a companys current and desired cash position, as well as its ability to satisfy expected demand. Past and present governments of the Republic of Ghana have been trying various ways of getting funds to improve the water systems in the country in order to provide potable water for the good people of this country. Th ey have not relented in their efforts, yet it seems that not enough funds have been solicited to enable Ghana Water Company to execute this very important task. Several studies have indicated that it costs the company almost GHÂÂ ¢0.80 per meter cube to produce, transport and distribute a unit volume of potable water. Water tariffs have, however, been held around GHÂÂ ¢0.20 per meter cube. GWCL has already been operating at a level constrained by insufficiency of funds without regard to actual operational needs. In this case if Ghana Water Company Limited do not properly manage their accounts receivable well, they may be faced with debt servicing challenges and will be forced to impose higher tariffs the effects of which may be unbearable to the consumers of its services. Organizations should therefore be practically oriented and be systematic of managing accounts receivable to enhance their continual growth, profitability and survival in their businesses. 1.2. Statement of the Problem The significant role in which an effective management of accounts receivable plays in every organization cannot be overemphasized. Companies that concentrate on credit sales without monitoring their collection will soon find much of their current assets tied up in bad debts. The offer of service on credit base to customers needs an effective credit system management that allows companies to collect its accounts due on time and not inherit risk. Ghana Water Company Limited deliver their service on credit basis and that has created huge arrears or debtors figure in their financial statement making it difficult for the company to manage its account receivables taking into consideration the size of its indebtedness. Ironically, GWCL has always been given the mandate by the Public Utility Regulation Commission (PURC) to increase its tariffs a little higher but still complains of lack of adequate funds to enable them operate effectively and efficiently. This cause reaction from the ge neral public of the poor quality of service being provided by GWCL because the health of the masses of every country largely depend on the source of water they drink or use, that is the more reason why it is said that water is life. It is believed that there are more to the problem and therefore an increment in tariffs without better management of accounts receivable will always cause obstacles in the production of service to customers. This study therefore seeks to look into these problems in the context of GWCL and identifies how the company can manage its account receivables build-up in order to ease the financial burden it currently finds itself. It further draws a practical conclusion to the billing system of the Ghana Water Company Limited, their collection strategies, credit policy and generally how these huge arrears are or should be managed by GWCL and other business organizations which may find this work beneficial to them. 1.3 Research Questions The statement of the problem induces the researcher to formulate the following sub questions: What are the credit policies of Ghana Water Company Limited? Do consumers of Ghana Water Company abide by the credit policy? What are the difficulties faced by GWCL in the collection of accounts receivable? How does this affect the smooth operations of the company? What is the relationship between GWCLs credit policy management and its debt collection performance? 1.4 Research Objectives The overall aim of this study is to evaluate the management of accounts receivable in service organizations and to suggest ways to overcome its challenges. The specific objectives are to: Examine the credit policy adopted by Ghana Water Company Limited to collect account receivables from customers. Examine customers awareness of the credit policy and the constraints in abiding by this policy? To identify problems/constraint associated with account receivable collection by GWCL To identify constraints associated with GWCL account receivable payment by customers Establish whether there is a relationship between GWCLs credit policy management and its debt collection performance. 1.5 Significance of the Study The study seeks to bring out the problems involved in the huge debtors figure in the financial statement of GWCL and other utility companies as they sell mostly on credit bases. It would also provide a framework with which the management of the organizations or companies can or may examine the prudence ways of managing their account receivables. The purpose of this study therefore is to investigate the underlying factors that have militated against the ability of GWCL to discharge or deliver on its responsibilities. It is the expectation of this research study to identify the factors responsible for this state of affairs and to propose appropriate means to address these in the affected region. The findings of this research may as well form a basis for further research into the management of accounts receivable and positive steps will be taken to improve this situation. 1.6 The Scope of the Study This study is limited to the management of account receivable but not the management of working capital in totality. The intention was to concentrate on debtors management which has been a source of worry to GWCL and most of the utility industries. GWCL was selected among most of the utility industries and the location of Kumasi due to the companys interest in this topic and the accessibility of information by the researcher. 1.7 Limitations of the Study The study took GWCL, Kumasi as a single entity and selection of few of its customers (debtors) and staff for this research. The selection does not cover all the GWCL customers in Kumasi who are in arrears or indebted to the company. Again, since Kumasi was specifically selected for these studies, the diversity of billing and customer indebtedness challenges, in other parts of the country of Ghana were not wholly covered. The study is also limited by the fact that, due to administrative secrecy, certain vital information was not released to the researcher. Nevertheless, the study as much as possible provides a fair view of the topic under consideration. 1.8 Organization of the Study The study is organized into five main chapters. Chapter one introduces the study which concerns itself with the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study and the limitation of the study. Chapter two examines existing literature and the reviews of related literature work on accounts receivable. There is also an empirical evidence of related research work. Chapter three presents the methodology used in gathering both primary and secondary data with a detailed account of how the research will be conducted. The background of the study area, the study type, the study design, study variables, sample size and sampling technique method, data collection method, data analysis method and the ethical consideration are all involved. Chapter four contains the analysis of data, interpretation of the findings. Chapter five summarizes, concludes and offer recommendation for further study.

William Chaucer and His Views on the Clergy Essay - 619 Words

In today’s society, masses of people are moving away from Christianity, due to the dark past of the church. We cannot follow those who choose the path of corruption, for fear that we face a similar fate. Christianity is a pillar in our world that holds up many people, and should it fall, those who are supported by it will follow. History is filled with men such as John Wycliff who have fought to shed light on cleric corruption, through works such as A Treatise of John Wycliff Against the Order of the Friars, and later, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Wycliff’s speech in 1382 is the first exposition of the clergy’s wrongdoing, when he accuses the friars of â€Å"stealing men’s children† and â€Å"making our land lawless†. A short 5 years†¦show more content†¦He also castrated himself for a prettier voice to bring forward more money. This shows that he was not singing for the church but for his own personal gain. The au thor repeats the word fake when he says (706-707) â€Å"his wallet lay before him on his lap brim full of pardons come from rome all hot† and (714-715) â€Å"for in his trunk he had a pillow- case which he asserted was our lady veil†. The veil was actually that of a woman. The description of the pardoner’s actions personify his fake personality. Chaucer later tells of a sinful church follower that the people call â€Å"The Wife of Bath†. She’s earned this name by showing up at the church door to marry a new man on several occasions, and having a promiscuous love life behind closed doors. Chaucer repeats the use of sarcasm by using the word worthy in â€Å"A worthy woman form beside bath city†(455) and â€Å"A worthy woman all her life.†(469); by doing this Chaucer is noting that shes not a â€Å"worthy† woman, and this is what one would suspect of the common person when the most holy and â€Å"pure† teachers such as the friar are wandering through dark and sinful times. 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In order to prove to her his passion and his unwavering commitment and, he subjects himself to a series of tests and ordeals that she desires to put him. Paris further explains that sexual satisfaction may not

Death Of A Salesman Essay Thesis Example For Students

Death Of A Salesman Essay Thesis Death of a SalesmanIn Death of a Salesman, a play written by Arthur Miller, Miller reflects the theme that every man needs to be honest with him self and act in accordance with his nature by displaying success and failure in different lights. Miller embodies the theme through characters in the play by explaining how their success and failures in being true to themselves help shapes their fates. Strongest evidence of Millers theme is reflected in the characteristics of Biff Loman, Benard, and Willy Loman. Through out the play, these three characters never give way to others influence and what others view of being successful is. Biff Loman, son of Willy Loman, is a man who begins the play blinded about the nature of him self. Taught to be well liked and stand out by his father, Biffs whole life goal is to live up to Willys expectations and make Willy proud of him. After a visit to Boston to see his father, a trip to confess his failure in math soon turns into Biffs self-realization about his true nature once catching Willy with a mistress. In a argument with Willy, Biff states, And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody! Thats whose fault it is (1855). Biff is confronting Willy about certain actions he has taken in his life after high school. Why he never graduated from high school, why he never became a successful businessman like Willy always wanted him to be, why he ran off out west and became a nobody in Willys mind. I am not a leader of men, Willy, and neither are you. You were never anything but a hard-working drummer who landed in the ash can like all the rest of them! Im one dollar and hour, Willy! I tried seven states and couldnt raise it. A buck an hour! Do you gather my meaning? Im not bringing home any prizes any more, and youre going to stop waiting for me to bring them home, Biff states (1856). Here Biff is finally laying on Willy that he is not a businessman, a super star, or a leader. Biff is attempting to clarify to Willy that Biff knows what he really is, what he really likes, and why he did the things he did after high school. Willy could not force Biff to be something he is not, and after Biff caught Willy with the mistress, Biff never again confused about the true nature of him self. Brought up on his fathers values, Biff never turns his back on his true self and still feels that out west is where his life should be. Benard, son of Charley, is the bookworm neighbor and childhood friend of Biff whose caring nature is shown through out the play. Never deviating from his helping sprit, Benard is always there to help out Biff and Willy whenever possible. In high school, Benard constantly reminds Biff that he needs to study with him so he doesnt fail math and not graduate high school. Biff, where are you? Youre supposed to study with me today. Hes gotta study, Uncle Willy. Hes got Regents next week, Benard states (1807). Here Benard is looking out for the well being of Biff. Even when everyone thinks he is being a nuisance, Benard still shows his helping hand and acting in accordance with his nature. Even as years past, Benard never loses track of what his nature is. All his studying and hard work lands him a high position as an attorney and he never let anyones criticisms stop him from being successful. Also, Willy comes to see Charley at his office with surprise to see Benard is there visiting his f ather. Benard and Willy get into a serious conversation discussing what happened to Biff after high school. Here Benard tells Willy how much he loves Biff and cares for him even though he takes advantage of him. Well, just that when he came back Ill never forget this, it always mystifies me. Because Id thought so well of Biff, even though hed always taken advantage of me. I loved him, Willy, yknow? And he came back after that month and took his sneakers- remember those sneakers with University of Virginia printed on them? He was so proud of those wore them every day. And he took them down in the cellar, and burned them up in the furnace. We had a fistfight. It lasted at least half an hour. Just two of us punching each other down the cellar, and crying right thorough it. Ive often thought of how strange it was that I knew hed given up his life, what happened in Boston Willy, Benard states (1837). Benard never stopped thinking about what happened to Biff all this time and was there th at particular day he spoke of with Biff, crying, and being there when Biff really needed him. Benard is acting in accordance with his nature of caring and being true to him self, even under extenuating circumstances. .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .postImageUrl , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:hover , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:visited , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:active { border:0!important; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:active , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dan Gable EssayWilly Loman is a man whose strong beliefs never allow him to think otherwise and whose prideful nature dictates everything in his life. Never once does Willy feel what he teaches his boys are wrong and would do anything for his sons. Willys sons, Biff and Happy, are failures, but Willy doesnt want to believe this. He wants his sons, especially Biff, to succeed where he has not. He believes his boys are great and cannot understand why they are not successful. Willy cannot see who he and his sons are. He believes that they are great men who have what it takes to be successful and beat the business world. Unfortunately, he is mistaken. In reality, Willy and son s are not, and cannot, be successful. Also, Willy is also unable to see change. He is man lost in the modern era of technology. He says, How can they whip cheese? (1806) and is constantly In a race with the junkyard (1831). Willys prideful nature never once lets down, and he follows what he believes till the very end. In a conversation with Howard, Willys boss, Howard reveals to Willy that he is letting him go from the firm. Howard suggests to Willy that Willy should turn to his boys for support at his old age. I cant throw myself on my sons. Im not a cripple, Willy states (1832). Again, Willy can not allow his prideful nature fall and acts in accordance with his nature by suggesting to Howard that he continue to work at the firm, even in reality, he is no longer capable. Even after being fired by Howard and not having ajob anymore, he still is able to keep his pride. Every week he goes to Charley asking him to borrow some money, but Charley knows that Willy has no job and insist th at he work for him, by offering him a job. Willy responds with, I I cant work for you thats all dont ask me why (1838). Willy can give no reason of why he can work, but it is obvious here that his prideful nature can not allow him to throw himself at Charley for help, just as he was not able to tell Howard that he could not throw himself on his sons. This stubbornness behavior, although ilrash, was Willys way of acting in accordance with his nature. Biff Loman, Benard, and Willy Loman all share something unique.In Death of a Salesmen, the theme that every man needs to be honest with him self and act in accordance with his nature by displaying success and failure is implied strongly through those three characters through out the entire play. Miller purposely embodied the characteristics in each of those men to show how a person beliefs or nature, can be the driving force and sometimes the reason for living in a persons life. Although, each of these men ended up with very different lives, Benard becoming extremely successful, Biff not as successful as his father hoped, but always true to what his true nature was, and Willy, giving his life up in the end to help his children, one thing is certain. No matter what anyone tried to tell these three men, or what ever obstacles they faced, they never once veered from the path that their true nature took them.

Make Effective Oral Presentationin English free essay sample

However, the final preparation and presentation differ significantly from editing and polishing an essay. An oral presentation consists of three main parts: the introduction, body, and conclusion. Speech is one of the 3 fundamental communication modes. The ability to communicate through effective speaking Is as Important to language skill development as Is the ability to write effectively. To Improve the pronunciation In oral presentations, we need for speech training In English. One way to learn how to pronounce words correctly Is to listen to the way good speakers or English articulate them.In addition, It helps If you create a list of words and practice speaking them aloud. Pronunciation is not about acquiring a native English accent. The primary concern in learning pronunciation skills is to be able to speak clearly so that you are easily understood by the listener or audience. 2. 0 SPEAKING IN A FORMAL ACADEMIC CONTEXT Speaking In a formal academic context Is becoming more Important as teaching methods are trying to Involve students In group works, making presentations, and participating In discussion on academic topics. We will write a custom essay sample on Make Effective Oral Presentationin English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Making presentations controlling discussions, and listening and note taking, It has a kind of menu where you can choose any area in which you need help or information, e. . In the presentation it shows you how to present a seminar paper and it gives you steps to do your presentation interesting, and not confusing, so you can express to your audience what you can get help considering that English spelling and English pronunciation has a difference.Many students comment that they find working in groups difficult, because they can never contribute new and intelligent ideas to the group, so in speaking in academic context you will find help n working in groups, it mentions that if everyone contribute new ideas, the group would continue to be successful, so here it has some roles that students can follow to be successful in working as a team, for example a successful group needs a leader, someone who can come with good Ideas, and see the practical uses of the other group members Ideas. . 1 Transactional Model of Oral Communication meaning in two or more parties responding to their environment and each other. This model also shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act it both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages. It also describes the way in which oh can use transactions in message flows to accomplish certain tasks and results.A message flow consists of the following constituents parts: ; An input source ; The message flow or logic, which is defined by a sequence of nodes ; Zero or more external resources that are accessed during the flow ; Zero or more output target. 2. 2 Academic and Professional Public Speaking Skills Public Speaking can enhance your academic and professional skills. You will learn to be:- I. A persuasive and effective communicator; it. More confident and able to project a positive self-image to others; iii.More radical when analyzing arguments and information given to you; and lb. Able to respond appropriately to criticisms and arguments. 2. 3 Type of Audience Analysis The common division of audience into categories is as follows: a) Experts : These are people who know the theory and the product inside and out. They designed it, tested it, and know about everything about it. Often, they have advanced degrees and operate in academic settings or in research and development areas of the government and business worlds. ) Technicians : These are the people who build, operate, maintain, and repair the stuff that the experts design and theorize about. Theirs is a highly technical knowledge as well, but off more practical nature. C) Executive : These are the people who make business, economic, administrative, legal, governmental, political decisions on the stuff that the experts and technicians work with. D) Neocolonialists : These readers have the least technical knowledge of all. Their interest may be as practical as technicians, but in a different way. . 3. 1 Audience Analysis Audience, regardless of category, must also be analyzed in terms of characteristics such as the following: a) Background-knowledge, experience, training : One of your cost important concerns is Just how much knowledge, experience, or training you can expect in your readers. B) Needs and interests : To plan your document, you need to know what your audience is going to expect from the document. Imagine how readers will want to use your document; what will they demand from it. ) Other demographic characteristic : There are many other characteristics about your readers that might have an influence on how you should design and write your document e. G. Age groups, type of residence, area of residence, sex, political preferences, and so on. 3. PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION Making yourself familiar with the setting in which the speech is to be made is one way to reduce panic attacks and minimize the risk of unexpected problems cropping up at the last minute. For instance, you should find out the exact location of the place where the presentation is to be held.Start off early for the place if it is in the midst of a traffic congestion area. If you arrive early, check weather you need to go up on stage to present your talk, and if there is a rostrum or not. Also check the public address system and the equipment that needs to be utilized. There is always the risk that the computer and the LCD projector might not function properly; find out how you can get in touch with the technicians who can assist you should this happen. You also need to know whether the speech will be held in a formal or informal setting.If it is formal, you would need to be appropriately dresses and very punctual; if it is not, then a certain amount of flexibility with respect to arrival time and dress code could perhaps be tolerated. 3. 2 The Audience Profiling the audience for your speech could be difficult but it may be worth your time to make the effort. Make enquiries about the audience, with respect to their gender, age, social, economic and educational backgrounds, prior knowledge, expectations, likes and dislikes, occupational backgrounds, place of residence, habits, personality etc. Basically, in order to create a connection between the speech and the audience, you need to ask yourself these basic questions: I. Whom will I be speaking to? It. What will I be speaking to? Iii. What do they want to know about the topic? lb. What do I want them to know at the end of the presentation? Once you know more about your audience, you can create speeches that are appropriate for them in arms of content, the language used and even style. For instance, a speech that is them in intended for school children would be different from one that is meant for businessmen.Unlike adults, school children are usually less able to handle content that is too abstract and language style that is indirect. The use of metaphors and symbolism may also be lost on school children. The style of your presentation should also be in tune with your audience. 3. 3 Determine The Purpose And Topic Once you know the occasion and location for your presentation, and the type of audience attending, you are ready to set the aims and objectives of the presentation. For instance, do you aim to convey, inform, relay, relate, influence, persuade, appease, encourage, motivate, illustrate, clarity or appeal?After determining the purpose, you can then set the topic. If your aim is to motivate, then you would need to come up with a topic that suits the purpose. Topics dealing with themes like procrastination, determination, endurance, not giving up hope, would be appropriate. The oral presentation must be structured in such a way so as to reflect clarity and smoothness. Bear in mind that your audience is a listening audience and not a reading one. They do not have the luxury of going back to information they may have missed or not comprehended.It is, therefore, important to frame your points systematically so that the paper is effectively delivered. 3. 4. 1 Why Structure is important You need to have a structure for the presentation because the audience cannot pay attention for a long period of the time and may find the presentation is difficult to follow if it is not systematically structured and organized. A good structure helps to capture and hold their attention. . 4. 2 Basic Procedures An oral presentation needs:- I. Introduction Inform the audience what they are going to listen to; it. Body Present the content of the presentation; iii.Conclusion Summaries the main points. The basic procedure is to present a lucid introduction, well-researched content and a comprehensive conclusion. 3. 4. 3 Main Idea It is advisable to limit the main ideas to between three and six only. Going beyond this number would attract boredom rather than improve attentiveness. The issue that need to be discussed within each main point should be reduced in scope, specially when there is a likelihood that the presentation would go beyond the time limit. For better comprehension and retention, the gist of what is to be conveyed should be spelt out clearly at the beginning of the presentation. Each of the main ideas should be properly introduced, arranged and concluded. 3. 4. 4 Sequencing of Main Ideas The sequencing of main ideas should be in a manner that makes it easy for the audience to follow. One way is to start from the easier to the more difficult, or from the known to the unknown. You can also opt to follow a time sequence. For example, oh can explain the progress of a nation by reporting first on the earliest development and ending with the latest development. The arrangement of the points can also follow a logical sequence. 3. 4. Outlining the Material The material collected can be put into certain categories based on the main ideas raised. There might be a need to create sub-ideas under each main idea. These sub-ideas should not be more than five to avoid confusion. The sequence should be clear and logical. Another way to developing a structure is by webbing or mapping. This provides the presenter with a clearer picture of what issues he wants to include, intent holistically. 3. 4. 6 Writing Out the Presentation After developing the structure, proceed with the writing process, which will be a lot smoother if you adhere to the outline.You already have most of the material ready. What is left now is to write up the points. These are two aspects that you should bear in mind when writing: a) Languages; b) Style. As mentioned earlier, the audience is listening to the presentation. This means that the language used for the paper/slides should be simple and not too complex: a) Words should be simple and comprehensible. B) Sentences should be short. ) Some ideas need to be repeated so that the audience would not be in doubt. D) Avoid clicks. E) Sentences constructed should be grammatically acceptable so that clarity and comprehensibility are the outcomes. With respect to the style, be as simple as possible. The style of writing an academic paper and speech is not the same. 3. 5 Visuals aids Visuals aids help to make a presentation more lively. They can also help the audience to follow your presentation and help you to present information that would be difficult to follow through speech alone. The two most common forms of visual aid re overhead transparencies (Outs) and computers slide shows (e. G. Power Point). Objects that can be displayed or passed round the audience can also be very effective and often help to relax the audience.Some speakers give printed handouts to the audience to follow as they speak. Others prefer to give their handouts at the end of the talk, because they can distract the audience from the presentation. 3. 6 Rehearsing The Presentation The key to effective and efficient use of time is rehearsal. Use a stop watch and rehearse, revise, rehearse, revise and rehearse until your presentation is within the target time limit. When you rehearse, do so manner similar to the actual presentation. Have an audience (imagination), stand up, and speak in the same volume you will use.Rehearse your presentation with the visual aids you will actually use during the presentation. Dont read the slides to your audience, but use them to guide and focus your audiences attention, reinforce your main points, and provide details. When possible, use a video or audio recorder and then critique yourself. Please dont be too critical; everyone sounds awful and/or looks absolutely horrible upon playback. 1 Introducing The Topic An important step when giving a speech or making an oral presentation is to audience to listen to the presentation or cue them in, so to speak. . 2 Presenting The Content When presenting the content, it is important to organism your presentation. The more time you spend on preparation, the more organized and coherent the content of your speech. For example, if you have been invited a month back to speak on Childrens Day, you have more time to prepare and a well-organized speech is expected. In contrast, impromptu speeches are those that people make on the spot without NY preparation. These speeches challenge us to think quickly and are a favorite teaching tool among teachers to get students used to speaking before a group of people. . 2. 1 A General Outline In gathering information about the topic, the first thing you should do is to find out how long you are to speak. Find out too, about the audience that you will be speaking to. Are they all adults (parents) or teenagers, or a mix of both? Then, gather the necessary information. It is good to outline what you are going to speak about. You can prepare the outline as below: a) Introduction of the topic ) Body of the talk: I. Definition of terms (if any); it. Describing the situation; iii. Points in favor; and v. Points against. C) Conclusion I.Summarizing the main points: and it. Concluding with an appeal, proposal, etc.. 4. 2. 2 The Actual Presentation Itself When making the actual presentation, bear in mind the following: dont slouch. B) Maintain eye contact with the audience. C) Greet the audience, and then start your presentation. D) Give an overview of what you are going to talk about. E) Try not to read from your notes. Talk to the audience instead. As prompts only. ) Stand straight, f) Use your notes g) As you speak, turn your head slowly to look at one section of the crowd before turning to another section. ) Pause between ideas. Dont rattle on at full speed. I) Speak with an even tone. Be load enough to be heard but do not shout. Similarly, dont talk to yourself, mumble or speak too softly. J) At the end, summaries what you have said. K) Then, thank the audience for being good listeners. L) Invite comments and participation. M) When its over, leave with a smile. Conclude the talk well. In concluding, there are two steps involved. A) First you would summaries the main points of your presentation or, at least, give a line that summarizes the presentation.This helps the audience to grasp what has been said. B) Second, thank the audience for being good listeners and smile as you leave. 4. 4 Tips For Effective Delivery When making an oral presentation, you must know your subject well and convince your audience that they have something to gain from listening to you. Here are some tips for effective oral presentation:- I (a) Bib prepared I Research your subject to ensure that you are knowledgeable. Practice your presentation I I I until you feel comfortable. Make sure you can present your information within whatever I I will have.

Economic Perspectives On The Internet Essays - Identifiers

Economic Perspectives On The Internet International Legal Considerations This chapter covers a wide range of regulations, procedures, and practices that fall into three categories: regulations that exporters must follow to comply with U.S. law; procedures that exporters should follow to ensure a successful export transaction; and programs and certain tax procedures that open new markets or provide financial benefits to exporters. Export Regulations General Introduction The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) regulate the export and reexport of items for national security, nonproliferation, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. The Department of Commerce's Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) has taken important steps to remove unnecessary obstacles to exporting, including completion of U.S. regulatory reform effort and export control liberalizations. Working closely with the exporting community, BXA has simplified the EAR, especially for those companies new to exporting. In addition, export controls have been liberalized on many products sold by U.S. companies around the world, consistent with national security and foreign policy concerns. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires the submission of a license application to BXA. License requirements are dependent upon an item's technical characteristics, the destination, the end use, and the end user. Determining whether a license is required for export is easier under the newly drafted regulations which consolidate license requirements previously scattered throughout the regulations. Once a classification has been determined, exporters may use a single chart to determine if licenses are needed for a country. The revised regulations include answers to frequently asked questions, detailed step-by-step instructions for finding out if a transaction is subject to the regulations, how to request a commodity classification or advisory opinion, and how to apply for a license. The EAR groups items (commodities, software, and technology) into ten categories each containing several entries. These entries are the Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCN). These entries are in Supplemental N0. 1 to part 774 of the EAR, which is the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL and the Country Chart, Supplement No. 1 to part 738 taken together, define items subject to export controls based solely on the technical parameters of the item and the country of ultimate destination. Items that are listed on the CCL but do not require a license by reason of the Country Chart and items classified as EAR99 (see 734.3(c) of the EAR entitled Scope of the EAR) are designated as NLR, or no license required. All countries are not treated in the same way under the EAR because different countries present different national security, nonproliferation, or foreign policy considerations for the United States. A license requirement may be based on the end use or end user in a transaction, primarily for proliferation reasons. Part 744 of the EAR describes such requirements and relevant licensing policies and includes both restrictions on items and restrictions on the activities of U.S. persons. The EAR covers more than exports. Items subject to the EAR are generally controlled for reexport from one foreign country to another. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires an application to BXA for a license. Many items are not on the CCL or, if on the CCL, require a license only to a limited number of countries. Other transactions may be covered by one or more License Exceptions in the EAR, part 740. However, a license is required for virtually all exports to embargoed destinations such as Cuba. Part 746 of the EAR describes embargoed destinations and refers to certain additional controls imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Controls of the Treasury Department. Sometimes the EAR are referred to as dual use regulations. The term dual use refers to items that can be used for both military and other strategic uses (e.g., nuclear) and commercial applications. It also refers to items with solely civil uses. The term is also used to distinguish the scope of the EAR from items covered by the regulations of other agencies. For example, the U.S. Department of State controls exports of weapons and military related items on the U.S. Munitions List, while the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission control certain items for nuclear reasons. For more information on the control of agencies other than BXA, see Supplement No.

DDay Thesis essays

DDay Thesis essays A private who was aboard one of the first few gliders to reach Normandy expresses his feeling: "I experienced an interesting psychological change in the few minutes before and immediately after take off. As I had climbed aboard and strapped myself into my seat I felt tense, strange and extremely nervous. It was as if I was in a fantasy dream world and thought that at any moment I would wake up from this unreality and find that I was back in the barrack room at Bulford Camp. Whilst we laughed and sang to raise our spirits - and perhaps to show others that we were no scared - personally I knew that I was frightened to death. The very idea of carrying out a night-time airborne landing of such a small force into the midst of the German army seemed to me to be little more than a suicide mission. Yet at the moment that the glider parted company with the ground I experienced an inexplicable change. The feeling of terror vanished and was replaced by exhilaration. I felt literally on top of the world. I remember thinking, 'you've had it chum, its no good worrying anymore - the die has been cast and what is to be, will be, and there is nothing you can do about it.' I sat back and enjoyed my first trip to Europe." Yet another rifleman who was carried to the beach in the LCVPs relates one of his incidents: I got on the gun. I set the gun up, and were looking, were looking. He says, "See if you can spot him." All of a sudden I spotted him, about 200 yards away, and Id say maybe 30 or 40 feet higher than me. He wasnt firing at me. He was firing down across. So when he opened up again the Germans, when they fire, they fire fast, they dont fire like we did, because they change the barrels of their machine guns in seconds. Ours were a pain. We had to take the whole gun apart and screw the barrel off, and then put another barrel on. They would get hot if you fired like the Germans. We only fi...

Living on a farm to living in the city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living on a farm to living in the city - Essay Example Most people think that living on a farm in the countryside costs a lot lesser than the city life. A blogger from Des Moines, Iowa in fact calculated his family’s annual cost of living and compared it to those who live in Boston, Massachusetts. His computation showed that a difference of almost forty percent makes such huge difference for people who are thinking on which side of the country they wish to live in (Trent, 2007). In addition, the cost of a small apartment in the city may already allow one to buy a house with a huge yard in the countryside. Optimizing the space that is readily available in the countryside allows people to save a lot more money at the same time. Either the back or the front yard can be used to grow one’s own vegetables and fruit trees as well. As a result, there is no need for them to buy some of the produce in the market, thus, allowing them to save a few dollars every month. Not only they are able to spare some money out of cultivating their own food, but they are also able to serve fresh and healthy food for the family. On the other hand, as country living offers a cheaper place to live in, it may not provide as many choices to its residents when it comes to entertainment. The city, along with the diverse individuals who have their own ways of keeping up with the busy city life, offers diverse choices in making these people entertained. Small and big events such as gigs and concerts happen almost on a nightly basis. Movie theaters that present classical and modern films are found in almost every corner of the city street. Pubs and restaurants that serve all kinds of beer and liquor from all over the world and serve a variety of good food also showcase local and national artists. They are found close to each other that one can go from any of them to another in just a few steps away. Furthermore, one can simply be entertained for free even when

Dichotomy of Critical Enquiry Situated in a Creative Experience Essay

Dichotomy of Critical Enquiry Situated in a Creative Experience - Essay Example The first example refers to a feeling of success on completion that is similar to that of the enquiring philosopher when working out a problem through personal reflection and sensibility. The second example refers to a feeling on success on completion that is similar to that of the experimenting scientist on working out a problem through rigorous experiment. It is the main purpose of this paper to discuss this dichotomy. Along the way, the proponent includes the discussion on how the processes of Critical Enquiry differ and/or converge in the above stated examples. Furthermore, the discussion also includes how success is achieved and registered for the musician in both examples. The nature-nurture controversy Based on the above cases, there are two important ways in which the young musician could actually learn a piece of music. The first way involves firm understanding of the piece in which this effort could be tantamount to personal reflection and sensibility because it happens wit hin the bound of individual effort. Just like a philosopher, the achievement of thoughts happens after a thorough critical reflective process. On the other hand, the second way in learning could happen in the presence of an assessor having substantial knowledge on achieving accurate piece. In this way, there is an association of external factor through the presence of an assessor who could actually influence the actual learning process of the young musician. At this point, there would be actual basis of certain learning output. In the above illustration, this reflects the nature of scientists. From environmental perspective in psychology, the environment has the crucial role to influence the actual learning process of an individual (Feldman, 2010). Agreed by John Locke, his tabula rasa doctrine supports the idea that the environment has the capacity to mold humans, in every aspect in life (Lefrancois, 2011). However, the nature position which is a strong opposition of the tabula ras a doctrine strongly points out that genes could be responsible for human learning and special characteristics such as intelligence and strength (Lefrancois, 2011, Engler, 2008; Harris, 2012). This supplements the idea that learning is an existential process or vital to human survival (Jarvis, 2006). In other words, there is a direct argument against the idea that one could acquire intelligence from the environment because it is not innate. However, the nature position is clear in its point that intelligence is innate and every living thing has corresponding characteristics because of each individual genetic make up. It is important to focus on this philosophical concept prior to the discussion of the dichotomy of critical enquiry situated in a creative experience from the case of young musician learning their first piece. In the above case, the first situation could remarkably represent the nature position applied in the context of human learning. The very strong justification would be the actual reflective effort initiated by the young musician just to be able to learn. At this point, it is clear that the young musician actually possessed built in capability to learn on their own with the first piece of music, even in the absence of an assessor. Here, one could consider that the actual effort of the young musicia

Bill of Rights Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bill of Rights - Coursework Example There is also the danger that individual rights of speech and assembly and redressal of grievances can be used by canny citizens to trouble others, for example, the encouragement of an intrusive media, and unnecessary litigation in courts of law. While such a clause may have been necessary for the security of the individual in pioneering days (this is also debatable, as these arms were often trained on the original inhabitants-the Red Indians-who have today been unjustly herded into settlements, in their own land) now, it has led to lawlessness: shooting sprees in malls and schools, for instance. Fourth: This amendment was enacted to ensure privacy as well as protection against unlawful or malicious action against citizens by the agents of the state, which may also be seen as the benefit accruing to a citizen from it. There are circumstances when exceptions to the amendment become justified for the sake of the security of the state and citizenry. These exceptions are, for example, detainment and search of a person who behaves in a suspicious manner, or searching of persons in sensitive areas like airports/ border areas. As a matter of fact, the 9/11 incident possibly happened because of adhering strictly to the spirit of this amendment, whereby travellers at airports were not checked thoroughly. The advantage to the citizen was that it was fair to him. ... Fifth: This amendment was enacted to ensure fair treatment of the individual who is charged with a crime. The advantage to the citizen was that it was fair to him. Even a citizen charged for a crime has a right to be fairly treated, especially in the event that he is wrongly charged. The disadvantage is that a canny lawyer could use the amendment to subvert the justice system. Eg, in the OJ Simpson case, the criminal case against Simpson absolved him of the murder of his wife, Nicole, while civil proceedings held him culpable! Sixth: The amendment like the fifth was enacted to prevent arbitrary treatment of an accused, and to ensure justice for all. This is an excellent provision governing the justice system, to safeguard a citizen's rights, and to ensure speedy disposal of cases. Any negative feature of this could come about not because of the amendment per se, but because of the way the system could be perverted by those seeking to take advantage of it. (eg perverting the law by canny lawyers to adhere to the letter of it minus the spirit.) Seventh: England had courts of common law, which gave legal (monetary) relief, and courts for equity which decided non-monetarily (an injunction, for instance) This amendment sought to combine both the jurisdictions. The advantage or disadvantage of the amendment depends totally on the complications involved in a case-especially where both equity and common law elements are involved. Complexity in the actual application of the amendment is inevitable, not because of anything contained within it, but because judicial disaputes are essentially complicated. Eighth: This amendment was enacted to ensure humane treatment of a crimininal, and herein lay its strong point. But a habitual

Auditing Regulations in the UK

Auditing Regulations in the UK Introduction Following the financial disasters that led to the collapse of corporations such as Enron and WorldCom, international and national regulators sought to strengthen legislation relating to the internal and external auditing of corporations. This resulted in the introduction of a number of international and national Acts and enforceable codes, commencing with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002[1] in the US (www.sarbanes-Oxley .com). In the UK the government introduced the Combined Code (FSA 2006) in 2003, which has subsequently been revised and strengthened, and revised the Companies Act (2006). These became the foundation for corporate governance and appropriate auditing procedures. This paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of this regulatory framework in creating an auditing environment that will prevent a repeat of the disasters that led to their introduction. This will follow a brief overview of the auditing processes is provided initially. The Audit Process There have been several definitions of the term audit; perhaps the most succinct of which is that based upon the American Accounting Association’s, which states that: â€Å"Auditing is a systematic process of objectively gathering and evaluating evidence relating to assertions about economic actions and events in which the individual or organisation making the assertion has been engaged, to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria, and communicating the results to users of the reports in which the assertions are made.† Porter et al (2003, p.3). In other words, the task of an auditor is, through the use of a structured programme, to gather evidence relating to the financial statements made by a corporation, evaluate the accuracy of the statements made in the light of this evidence and also to ensure that any opinions and reports presented are in accordance with the prevailing rules, regulations and criteria. They then have to present a certified unbiased view of their findings from the audit to external stakeholders, such as the shareholders and government authorities (See figure 1). There are several types of audits conducted throughout an organisation. However, this paper concentrates upon the external and internal audit. A licensed and qualified firm of auditors, whose independence from the organisation must comply with the definitions set out the combined code and accompanying guidance notes, carries out an external audit. The essential purpose of the internal audit is, in the words of the Institute of Internal Auditors (Spencer-Pickett 2003, p.2), intended to â€Å"improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and corporate governance processes.† Whilst the intention of this process, as with external auditing, is to provide and independent assurance on these processes and controls, the internal audit personnel are employed directly by the corporation. Current regulations The auditing process relates to most corporations (Gray and Stuart (2004), but this paper concentrates upon the Public Limited Company. In respect of financial reporting within the UK, commercial organisations are governed by the rules of the Combined Code (2006) and the international reporting standards set by the IFA[2], as explained within their handbook (2006). Combined Code The combined code concentrates upon five areas of the corporation’s activity and internal structure. These include: Directors – which include advice on suitability, proportion of executive to non-exec directors on the board and their roles and independence. It also defines a clear distinction of duties between CEO and Chairman. Remuneration This relates formula for the make-up and levels of director’s pay, together with the inclusion of an independent remuneration committee. Accountability and audit –Requires the board, through an independent audit committee, to maintain an adequate system of internal control that should be audited, the selection and independence of external auditors and outlines the process of accountability of the organisation to the various stakeholders. Relations with shareholders – Outlines the responsibility of the board to its shareholders and the reverse. This section of the code also sets out the requirements of the board to include the shareholders rights within their voting and operating procedures. Institutional shareholders – Section E of the code concentrates specifically upon the relationship that exists between the board and its institutional shareholders and outlines the dialogue that should occur between the two stakeholders of the business. IFRS Perhaps most important aspect of the financial reporting and auditing process is contained within the FRS[3] and SSAP[4] (ASB 2007) regulations, the former of which are based upon the international standards, which have been subjected to a series of amendments in recent years. Main Objective The Main IFRS objective is to promote a universal financial reporting standard, with the intention of providing an equality of financial information that can improve comparison and reliability of content on a global basis. In addition, the standards set out to increase the trust and reliance on financial reporting system, thus reducing the likelihood and potential risk of financial disasters such as Enron. Other objectives The objective of IAS 1:7 is directly related to the provision of financial information to be used for investment or other economic reasons, such as acquisitions. As such it concentrates upon the reliability of the accounting and reporting standards for the Balance Sheet and Cash Flow statements. Therefore, it focuses on a fair representation, attracting significant importance to the â€Å"fair value† of assets, liabilities and equity, allowing interested parties to ascertain the current real market value, thus making â€Å"historical cost accounting† redundant. Company officers have to prepare and sign compliance statements in terms of the veracity of the information and internal controls operated by the corporation and there must be a separate external audit certificate. The IFRS measurements are applied to each of the standards, although there is intent to introduce measurement as a separate application[5]. However, at present IFRS 2, relating to share based performance has specific measurement guidelines, as does the IFRS relating to the treatment of fixed assets, Here the initial measurement is the acquisition paid, but in later reports these values must reflect a fair current market value, unless there is a reason for this not being possible. In general, the measurements require a â€Å"current fair value† model to be used The presentation of financial statements and disclosures is also addressed For example, the Balance Sheet must contain at least sixteen lines (IAS1.68), which include tangible and intangible assets, current and future liabilities and a breakdown of the equity structure. IAS 1.81 provides the requirements for the income statement including revenue, costs, profit or loss and its distribution. As shown within the list of standards prepared by Deloitte (2005), in addition to the above there is a range of other requirements, including risk assessment corporate governance regulation compliance. If any disclosure cannot be made a certified statement has to be prepared by management and included within the financial reports giving the reasons for this omission. The major task for external auditors is to certify the accuracy and compliance of the statements, and the effectiveness of internal controls ensure efficient business management and a secure level of protection for investors and shareholders exists. Where risks exist, this must be identified with recommendation for actions. Concerns In spite of the regulations and codes, there are still concerns being expressed by investors and shareholders. These generally fall within three categories. Auditor competence and independence A recent survey shows shareholders are concerned about the external auditors. This focuses on their independence, experience and suitability and compliance with procedures. Independence of internal controls Similar concerns are being expressed regarding the internal controls and auditing process. Shareholders are not convinced that the level of effectiveness in identifying fraud and risk is effective or transparent enough and are thus seeking an expansion of financial reporting statements (John Lorinc 2002). Shareholder concerns are supported by research at the university of Auckland (Cheung and Hay 2004), which particularly showed auditor independence to be a major concern to investors. Fair value The concept of â€Å"fair value† is another issue causing disquiet. To date, the IFRS do not have a single definition for the term. Therefore it becomes subject to independent expertise and opinion. However, the fact that such opinions can vary significantly means that the level of reliance on â€Å"fair value† is considerably reduced. Conclusion As can be seen from this evaluate, whilst the IFRS’s go a long way towards addressing the issues surrounding the accuracy, reliability and honesty of financial reporting, the issues of â€Å"fair value† and auditors independence are still a major concern in the minds of investors. This is supported by events such as the near collapse of Northern Rock PLC in the last quarter of 2007, which shows that that there are still inadequacies within the reporting standards that need to be addressed. In this case there are questions to be asked about the interpretation of â€Å"fair value† and the internal controls. By inference, this must also raise the issue of auditor suitability. References ASB (2007). Accounting Standards and Practice. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/technical/standards/accounting.cfm Cheung, Jeff and Hay, David. (2004) Auditor Independence: The Voice of Shareholders. Business Review. Volume 6, issue 2. University of Aukland. Copnell, Timothy (Director) (2006). Shareholders’ Questions 2006. Audit Committee Institute KPMG LLP. UK Deloitte (2005). IFRS 7: A disclosure checklist. Retrieved 28 April 2007 from http://www.iasplus.com/fs/0510ifrs7checklist.pdf FRC (2005). Guidance on Audit Committees (The Smith Guidance). Financial Reporting Council. London, UK. Gray, Iain and Manson, Stuart (2004). The Audit Process: Principles, Practice and Cases. Third edition. Thomson Learning. Handbook of International Auditing, Assurance, and Ethics Pronouncements. (2006). International Federation of Accountants. New York. KMPG (2005). KMPG International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2007 from http://www.eldis.org/go/display/?id=19513type=Document Lorinc. John (2002). After Enron. CA Magazine. Canada. December 2002. Porter, Brenda., Simon, Jon and Hatherly, David (2003). Principles of External Auditing. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Chichester, UK. Sarbanes-Oxley (2002). Retrieved 29 November 2007 from www.sarbanes-Oxley.com Spencer-Pickett, K.H (2003). The Internal Auditing Handbook. John Wiley Sons Inc. New Jersey, US. The Committee on Corporate Governance (2006). The Combined Code on Corporate Governance. Financial Reporting Council. London. Footnotes [1] Also known as the â€Å"Public Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002† [2] International Federation of Accounts [3] Financial Reporting Standards [4] Statement of Standard Accounting Practice [5] see http://www.iasb.org/Current+Projects/IASB+Projects/Fair+Value+Measurements/Fair+Value+Measurements.htm

“Discourse on the Method” by Rene Descartes

â€Å"Discourse on the Method† by Rene Descartes is both a historical document and philosophical work. Scientists and historians agree that this book has contributed significantly the history of modern science and psychology. In his book Descartes describe the method which provides solid background for all modern natural sciences. Descartes pays thorough attention to the problem of scepticism in his work continuing the researches made by ancient philosopher Sextus Empiricus and the author Michael de Montaigne. The purpose of the book seems to prove people that truth should be regarded as incontrovertible.Therefore, the author chooses the approach of challenging and doubting everything when assessing the world. In such a way Descartes tend to look at ordinary things from the new perspective which is clear of biased nations. (Descartes 1960) In particular, Descartes discusses the following issues: how to think correctly, the method of science, morals maxims derived from method, proof of human soul and god, experiments, and, finally, connections between physics and heart. When arguing how to think correctly, Descartes offer ‘building metaphor’ meaning that human opinions and thoughts are the grounds which shape further perceptions.The ideas and opinions are claimed to be of sedentary nature and Descartes argues that he â€Å"firmly believed that in this way he should much better succeed in the conduct of his life, than he built only upon old foundations, and leaned upon principles which, in his youth, he had taken upon trust†. (Descartes 1960) Summing up, the core principle of thinking correctly is that humans shouldn’t tend to seek for old foundations; instead, they should seek for new fertile and to build new knowledge on it.In the method of science Descartes distinguishes four precepts which characterise the method. The first precept suggests that people shouldn’t percept anything for granted if they can’t be re-a ssured that it is true. Descartes says it is necessary to avoid prejudice and precipitancy and to believe things which exclude all grounds for any doubts and hesitations. The second precept is â€Å"to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as might be necessary for its adequate solution†.(Descartes 1960)The third principle is that it is necessary to conduct your thoughts and ideas in such a way that it would be possible to go from the simplest to the most complex: â€Å"I might ascend by little and little, and, as it were, step by step, to the knowledge of the more complex; assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence†. (Descartes 1960) Finally, the fourth precept is that we must be sure that nothing is omitted meaning reviews should general and enumerations should be complete.Further, Descartes analyzes three moral maxims deriv ed from the method. He says that he adopted those maxims to make them effectively function in ‘real world’. Method of radical doubts requires analyzing moral side of such experiments. Descartes’ three maxims is the basis of rudimentary belief system. Its principles are: †¢ To obey country’s religious customs and laws; †¢ To be confident in all actions; †¢ To endeavour and to conquer yourself as well as to change desires instead of trying to change the order of the whole world because we doesn’t have enough power to do that.When proving existence of soul and God, Descartes challenges his thinking and reasoning. Nevertheless, he believes that there are three things which aren’t subjected to being doubted. These things support each other forming stable ground for Descartes’ method. These things are reason as doubting is based on reasoning, and existence of soul and God guaranteeing that the reason is misguided. Descartes pr ovides reasoned argument why God and, moreover, he is the primary contributor to what we now call ontological proof of the God existence. (Descartes 1960)Descartes also pays attention to describing natural laws, the laws of the Sun and the stars, etc. Descartes believes that it is Moon that causes flood and ebb. Further, Descartes examines ideas of fire and light going to examining the motion of blood in arteries and heart. In contrast to generally accepted ideas, Descartes argues that these motions are independent of what it is thought and he draws the conclusion that human soul and human body are separate. Nevertheless, Descartes doesn’t distinguish between human soul, mind and spirit as they are all important constituents of rational thinking.As a consequences, the idea that â€Å"I am thinking, therefore I am† appeared. Finally, when speaking about experiments Descartes writes that â€Å"experiments, that they become always more necessary the more one is advanced in knowledge; for, at the commencement, it is better to make use only of what is spontaneously presented to our senses†. (Descartes 1960) Descartes’ ideas are strongly tied with modern philosophy and science. For example, his â€Å"The Method in Mathematics and the Sciences† has practical application nowadays in all schools.Descartes’ arguments are the basis of Cartesian coordinate systems as well as analytic geometry, the Histogram and mathematical heuristic. The method Descartes uses in his work is extremely valuable because sceptical doubt became a matter of philosophical debates how human can be sure of anything. Modern Western philosophy is influences by his re-conception of the mind – the idea that human mind is separate from human body. Summing up, Rene Descartes set a number of questions which have formed the base of what we call now ‘modern philosophy’. (Descartes 1960)

Wall switches and light fixtures in a building

The wall switches come in various shapes and designs, but they generally consist of a metal conducting plate and Insulating plates to cover It. wall switches are constructed of metal faceplates that is to be made out of ferrous metals not less than 0. 76 mm in thickness or non ferrous metals not less than 1. 2 mm In thickness, and the insulating tace plates are made out ot an insulating non combustible material not less than 2. 54 mm in thickness (NFPA 2011 The light fixtures of the place usually etermines the location of the switch to help get the most efficient lighting for the place. For residential places, all the rooms light fixtures must be on a 15-amp circuit. A wall switch has to be placed near every room entry door and a receptacle has to be found every 12 feet to help operate non permanent light fixtures that cannot be operated by a switch.Closets shall have one globe covered fixture operated by a wall switch. Bathrooms require special moisture resistant light fixtures due to its damp environment also the fixtures should be covered with lenses or globes and one 20- mp circuit for bathroom outlets only (thiele, 2010). In the presence of a laundry room, the washer and dryer should have their individual 20 circuit and in case of electric dryer an Independent 240-volt circuit shall be used.The kitchen Is commonly the place with the highest number of appliances all over the home. thus it requires Its own 15-amp circuit for the lighting. Stairways needs proper lighting fixtures, a switch, mostly three-way switch, Is to be placed at the top and bottom of the stair and at every turn if necessary Hallways requires three-way switches at the two ends of the ay and four-way switches near every door throughout the hallway, hallways over 10 feet long requires a mlnlmum ot one outlet for general purposes (NFPA, 2011).Basements and garages is recommended to have three-way switches between doors and a minimum of 1 outlet is required. Outdoor lighting fixtures of a bui lding have to be protected trom weather tactors and any other exterior tactors by sealing the wires and having underground cables. Outdoor lighting shall has to be highly effcient and controlled by a switch In addition to a sensor to turn off the lights during daytime for energy saving purposes

Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President

Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson (Aug. 27, 1908–Jan. 22, 1973) was a fourth-generation Texas rancher, who became the 36th President of the United States on the death of his predecessor John F. Kennedy. He inherited a painfully divided country and is known both for his failures in Vietnam and his successes with civil rights. Fast Facts: Lyndon B. Johnson Known For: 36th President of the United StatesBorn:  August 27, 1908, Stonewall, Texas.  Parents: Rebekah Baines (1881–1958) and Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. (1877–1937).Died: January 22, 1973, Stonewall, Texas.Education: Southwest Texas State Teachers College (BS, 1930), studied law at Georgetown University from 1934–35.Spouse: Claudia Alta Lady Bird Taylor (1912–2007).Children: Lynda Bird Johnson (b. 1944), Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947). Early Life Lyndon Johnson was born on Aug. 27, 1908, on his fathers ranch in rural southwestern Texas, the first of four children born to Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. and Rebekah Baines. His father was a politician, farmer, and broker, and  Rebekah was a journalist who graduated from Baylor University in 1907- a very rare circumstance. When Lyndon was born, his politician father was concluding his second term on the Texas legislature: His parents would go on to have four more children, three girls, and a boy. Johnson was a fourth-generation Texan: at the age of forty, Johnsons great-grandfather Robert Holmes Bunton came to what was then the Republic of Texas in 1838 to be a cattleman.   Lyndon worked throughout his youth to earn money for the family. His mother taught him to read at an early age. He went to local public schools, graduating from high school in 1924. He spent three years traveling around and working at odd jobs before going to the Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. Introduction to Politics While Johnson was in college, he worked as a gofer for the president of Southwest Texas State, and he was the summer editor of the student paper. He used his credentials to attend his first Democratic convention in 1928,in Houston, with his then-current girlfriend, who ended the relationship shortly afterward.   Johnson dropped out of school to take a teaching job in a Mexican school in the Cotulla School District, where he was determined to build a sense of hope in the beaten-down children. He developed extracurricular activities, arranged a parent-teacher group, held spelling bees and organized a band, a debate club and baseball and softball games. After a year he left and returned to San Marcos and finished his degree in August of 1930.   During the depression, his family was hit hard. Johnson was a volunteer for Welly Hopkins, who was running for the state senate, and he obtained a job teaching public speaking and business arithmetic in Houston. But a position as what would today be called a staff director for a newly elected Texas congressman Richard Kleberg opened up, and Johnson was tapped to fill it. He arrived in Washington DC on Dec. 7, 1931, which is where he made his home for most of the next 37 years. Marriage and Family As Klebergs secretary, Johnson made several trips to and from Texas, and it was on one of those trips that he met Claudia Alta Taylor (1912–2007), known as Lady Bird, the daughter of a well-to-do Texas rancher, and holding degrees in journalism and history from Baylor University. They married on Nov. 17, 1934. Together they had two daughters:  Lynda Bird Johnson (born 1944) and Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947). Political Career and Presidency While in Washington, Johnson lobbied hard for more power, making a few enemies and not finding much success. He was offered a partnership in an Austin Law firm if he obtained a law degree, and so he enrolled in evening classes at Georgetown University. But it didnt suit him and after a year he dropped out.   When he was named the Director of National Youth Administration in Texas (1935–37), he left Klebergs office. Building on that, Johnson was elected as a U.S. Representative where he served from 1937–49. While a congressman, he joined the navy to fight in World War II. He was awarded the Silver Star. In 1949, Johnson was elected to the U.S. Senate, becoming the Democratic Majority Leader in 1955. He served until 1961 when he became Vice-President under John F. Kennedy. On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated and Johnson took over as president. The next year he was nominated to run for the Democratic Party for the presidency with Hubert Humphrey as his vice-president. He was opposed by Barry Goldwater. Johnson refused to debate Goldwater. and easily won with 61 percent of the popular vote and 486 of the electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments Johnson created the Great Society programs, which included antipoverty programs, civil rights legislation, the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, the passage of some environmental protection acts, and the creation of laws to help protect consumers. Three important pieces of  Civil Rights  legislation signed into law by Johnson were as follows: 1. The  Civil Rights Act of 1964, which did not allow  discrimination in employment  or in the use of public facilities. 2. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed discriminatory practices that kept blacks from voting. 3. The  Civil Rights Act of 1968, which outlawed discrimination for housing. Also during Johnsons administration,  Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in 1968. For her part, Lady Bird was a huge proponent of the beautification program to try and improve the way America looked. She was also quite a savvy businesswoman.  She was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford and the  Congressional Gold Medal by President Ronald Reagan. The  Vietnam War  escalated during Johnsons administration. Troop levels which started with 3,500 in 1965 reached 550,000 by 1968. America was divided in support of the war. America, in the end, did not have a chance of winning. In 1968, Johnson announced he would not run for reelection in order to spend time to get peace in Vietnam. However, peace would not be achieved until  President Nixons  administration. Death and Legacy Johnson retired on January 20, 1969, to his ranch in Texas. He did not return to politics. He died on January 22, 1973, of a heart attack. Johnsons legacy includes his costly error in escalating the war in Vietnam in a vain attempt to win it and the fact that he eventually had to turn to peace when the U.S. was unable to achieve victory. He is also remembered for his Great Society policies where Medicare, Medicaid, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed among other programs. Sources Caro, Robert A. The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Random House, 2012.  Ã‚  -. The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Random House, 1990.Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Lyndon Johnson and the America Dream. New York: Open Road Media, 2015Peters, Charles. Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Presidents Series: The 36th President, 1963–1969. New York: Henry Holt, 2010.

Examples of Physical Changes and Chemical Changes

Examples of Physical Changes and Chemical Changes Are you confused about the difference between chemical changes and physical changes and how to tell them apart? In a nutshell, a chemical change produces a new substance, while a physical change does not. A material may change shapes or forms while undergoing a physical change, but no chemical reactions occur and no new compounds are produced. Key Takeaways: Chemical and Physical Change Examples A chemical change results from a chemical reaction, while a physical change is when matter changes forms but not chemical identity.Examples of chemical changes are burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting.Examples of physical changes are boiling, melting, freezing, and shredding.Often, physical changes can be undone, if energy is input. The only way to reverse a chemical change is via another chemical reaction. Examples of Chemical Changes A new compound (product) results from a chemical change as the atoms rearrange themselves to form new chemical bonds. Burning woodSouring milkMixing acid and baseDigesting foodCooking an eggHeating sugar to form caramelBaking a cakeRusting of iron Examples of Physical Changes No new chemical species forms in a physical change. Changing the state of a pure substance between solid, liquid, and gas phases of matter are all physical changes since the identity of the matter does not change. Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foilMelting an ice cubeCasting silver in a moldBreaking a bottleBoiling waterEvaporating alcoholShredding paperSublimation of dry ice into carbon dioxide vapor How to Tell Whether Its a Physical or Chemical Change? Look for an indication that a chemical change occurred. Chemical reactions release or absorb heat or other energy or may produce a gas, odor, color or sound. If you dont see any of these indications, a physical change likely occurred. Be aware a physical change may produce a dramatic change in the appearance of a substance. This doesnt mean a chemical reaction occurred. In some cases, it may be hard to tell whether a chemical or physical change occurred. For example, when you dissolve sugar in water, a physical change occurs. The form of the sugar changes, but it remains the same chemically (sucrose molecules). However, when you dissolve the salt in water the salt dissociates into its ions (from NaCl into Na and Cl-) so a chemical change occurs. In both cases, a white solid dissolves into a clear liquid and in both cases, you can recover the starting material by removing the water, yet the processes are not the same. Learn More 10 Examples of Physical Changes10 Examples of Chemical ChangesChemical and Physical PropertiesUnderstanding Chemical and Physical Changes Source Zumdahl, Steven S. and Zumdahl, Susan A. (2000). Chemistry (5th Ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-98583-8.

Has the National Literacy Hour Affected Childrens Desire to Read for Essay

Has the National Literacy Hour Affected Childrens Desire to Read for Pleasure - Essay Example This result of this paper will provide ample information to the teachers and educational policy makers regarding the effective facilitation of the national literacy hour program. This will make them reevaluate the current scenario in their respective schools and see if they are still providing efficient and effective learning undertaking to the primary school students. This paper will also prove beneficial to all other aspiring teachers. With the information presented in his study, aspiring teachers will be enlightened as to the proper ways of handling and/or managing the primary classes and in following with the national literacy hour program. They will be given enough idea on which effective ways to use on various classroom situations. They will acquire valuable techniques on how to maintain the best possible educational outcome for the students. Lastly, this research study will surely be beneficial to other interested researchers. If the topic will be on educational outcomes and/or educational system, this paper is a good starting point or basis to conducting their own research undertaking related to the national literacy hour program. More so, the said national literacy hour program would require extra time in the school curriculum. Thus there is a need for more time resources to facilitate the required learning for the pupils. Extra hand may also be required because for the proper handling and management of group discussions of the pupils.,

Role Of ALAD In Lead Toxicology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role Of ALAD In Lead Toxicology - Essay Example The mechanism of lead toxicity involves oxidative damage by producing reactive oxygen species which inhibit the production of sulfhydryl antioxidants, inhibit enzyme reactions impairing Heine production, cause inflammation in vascular endothelial cells, damage nucleic acids and inhibit DNA repair, and initiate lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes (Lyn Patrick, 2006). The toxicity of lead is due to its property to mimic other biologically essential metals, like calcium, iron, and zinc (Onalaja & Claudio, 2000). It has been observed that lead binds to enzymes that have functional sulfhydryl groups, rendering them nonfunctional and further contributing to impairment in oxidative balance. Levels of two specific sulfhydryl-containing enzymes that are inhibited by lead are delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) and glutathione reductase (GR) which has been demonstrated to be depressed in both animal and human lead-exposure studies (Lyn Patrick, 2006). Polymorphisms of the ALAD gene have been associated with the accumulation and distribution of lead in the blood, bone, and internal organs in humans and animals. Lead binds with and interacts with the same proteins and molecules, and interferes with the normal activity of molecules, such as in producing enzymes necessary for certain biological processes. Like it interferes with an essential enzyme Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase or ALAD. ALAD is a zinc-binding protein which is important in the biosynthesis of heme, the cofactor found in hemoglobin.

Chapter 14 Study Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 14 Study Questions - Essay Example Financial markets could make the economy worse if they cease to exist and similarly could up the economic basis of any nation with their presence. A financial market takes care of both the market economy as well as the non-market economy at a single time. (Lyons, 2001) A financial intermediary, technically speaking, is an institution that provides indirect fund means from the people who want to save or lend towards the people who wish to invest or borrow at the same time. The institution acts as the middleman between the firms that raise funds and the investors in essence. The financial intermediary is basically a financial institution in the most basic sense. As an example, this institution could either be a bank or a credit union. At times, the financial intermediary is seen in the instance of an insurance company as well. The financial intermediary could also be an individual who has the basic role of intermediation under a financial context between two or more parties. The funds are channeled in an easy way through the financial intermediary and the lenders and borrowers have a direct basis with the financial intermediary while indirectly they deal with each other. Money markets are those markets which act as substitutes for money. Capital markets are the markets for the long run basis of securities where they take care of both debt and equity. Money markets look at overnight to short term funds while capital markets mobilize long term savings so that financing of long term investments could be made. Money markets have maturity of one year or less than a year while capital markets have long term measures within them. Money markets collect different markets under them for a number of different instruments while capital markets look to include both the lending and borrowing regimes. Within money markets, the credit worthiness of the participants is deemed as significant while

Impact of Social Classes Essay Example for Free

Impact of Social Classes Essay The world that we live in is so immense, that the people who live in it is so diverse in culture, lifestyle, language and even skin color. We live in different environments and countries yet with all these dissimilarities, we share something in common. That is what we call social classes, which was practiced primarily during the beginning of world civilization. Our world began with this system and thereby influenced the generations after them. People were then identified simply as slaves or kings yet very unjust. People eventually awakened from a lengthy stupor and learned to fight for their human rights to exterminate these social strata and discriminations that exist in the society even until today. It is sad but factual and real. Even in the most democratic country, social classes still exist in modern times and manifest in terms of financial, cultural ethnicity and even racial aspects. We still have what we call as upper, middle and lower classes basing on their financial capacity. It is really part of our world but we have grown to be more considerate and tolerant to each other. In the story AP, the setting of the story happened in a store in a small town five miles away from the beach. People here are generally conservative thus concerned about propriety. The story began when Sammy, who worked as a cashier in this grocery store called AP saw three young girls who came in the store barefoot, wearing swimming suits. This of course does not occur everyday in this town, so naturally, Sammy and his co-worker Stokesie were stunned. Even the other grocery shoppers were surprised to these girls confidently walking along the aisles looking for something they need to buy. When the girls were on the counter being manned by Sammy, they caught the eye of Mr. Lengel, who manages the store. Mr. Lengel who also teaches Sunday school could not help but approach the girls and told them â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach. † This embarrassed the girls and one of them said, â€Å"We are decent†. The girls then paid and hurried to go back to their car outside and leave. Before the girls left, Sammy suddenly told Mr. Lengel that he is quitting his job, deliberately saying it while the girls were of hearing range to present himself as their hero but when he left the store, the girls left already, putting his efforts to nothing. Sammy then realized that his impulsiveness led his to lose his job which can greatly affect his life and his family. Living in different areas in the same country also means having diverse cultures. Urban areas especially the big cities have displays of a more liberated lifestyle compared to the rural ones. The contrasts of these two societies are very apparent in this story. These girls didn’t think they did anything wrong by walking in a store wearing swimming suits but for residents of that community, it was very improper and offensive. Sammy seemed in awe of these girls and impulsively quit his job just to become a momentary hero for them. Seeing this trio of girls who have been used to a different upbringing due to a social class they grew in opened Sammy’s eyes to something different from the one he is used to. The second story was entitled â€Å"Barn Burning† which happened in the 1930’s. It was about an impoverished family led by the father called Abner Snopes, who works for farmers in way of rental contracts. This family has been moving from one farm to another for several years because Abner always gets in trouble. Abner is so full of bitterness and insecurities that pushed him to do ludicrous deeds to the farm owners he works in. His temper heats up even with the slightest provocation and gets consumed with hatred which impels him to burn the barns of the farms who worked for. All these were done witnessed by his two sons, twin daughters, sister-in-law and his wife who tags along with him every time he needed to move. He was put in question in Peace’s courts several times because of his arsonist tendencies. One time, he burned a barn to get back at his neighbor named Mr. Harris because his hog strayed to his neighbor’s property and defiantly refused to return it if he would not pay the fine of a dollar. He then sent a black man whom he calls rudely as a nigger and asks him to pay the dollar to claim his hog and tell the neighbor, â€Å"Wood and hay kin burn. † Later the barn of that neighbor was burned. After the inquest the Snopes family had to move to another farm outside that county. When they arrived at another farm, he immediately paid a visit to the owner of the farm and insisted on going inside the white carpeted house with his filthy shoes and smeared dung on it from his shoes. He was later told in court to pay the farm owner ten bushels of corn which he obviously could not afford since they can barely put food on their table. He then later decided to burn the barn of that farm owner for revenge. The only person in the Snopes’ family, who truly asserted himself to correct the misdeeds of his father, was Abner’s youngest son who was a little boy named Colonel Sartoris Snopes. He wanted his father’s habitual barn burning to be stopped and so told the farm owner of what was happening. Colonerl Sartoris was righteous and did what he believed was the right thing to do even if his father’s barn burning is revealed. I am not trying to defend but understand Abner for the things he did in the story. What he did was wrong and there was no just compelling for his actions but Abner’s behavior was in some ways a result of what society laid as basis for a person’s worth. He became irrational and resorted to violence when he thought he was unfairly treated instead of trying to do things in a proper way. Social classification then was so vividly observable. The owners of a farm are far more affluent compared to the families in the likes of the Snopes’ who does the hard, laborious work of tilling the land, growing the crops then harvesting it yet earning so little for it. The unfairness of that era was evident and created a huge gap between these social classes which affects the lives of those considered as inferior like Abner’s family. They deserved equal opportunity to live a more comfortable and easy life. Sammy and Abner has the same impulsiveness to do what they think could put justice into a situation without thinking of the consequences of their action. Sammy quit his job to show that he dissented the way Mr. Lengel embarrassed the girls which was implied to be a decision that would affect his family. On the other hand, Abner resorted to violence to solve his predicament which apparently worsens his family’s situation. Social stratification affects the lives of the people. It may enrich their lives or curtail their opportunities. These days it is a relief to see that the lines between these classes are not as vivid as during the time of our forefathers and are now slowly fading into progression. There are still destitute men and women on the streets in most communities. There are still discriminations among races and gender. There are still people oppressed by their leaders. But it is evident that in our society today people are more aware of their rights and would definitely fight for it in whatever way they can. These stories showed the development in how people treated each other during these two eras and the history of social classes.