Limitations Of The Study Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1685 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Business organizations have always procured goods as raw materials from suppliers and at the same time sold finished products to consumers on credit and defer payment for such products to the future. It is important that organizations manage such credit arrangements in a manner that should make them recoverable in the long run. Most organizations fail to manage their account receivables in the sense that there are no conscious effort on the part of management to track whatever amount are due them as companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Limitations Of The Study Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in the analysis and review of debtors lists have always contributed to financial challenges in most organizations particularly, public organizations. The management of account receivables is of vital importance to the success of organizations as it prevents revenue leakage, reduce bad debt, increase companys cash flow and also improves delivery of value services to customers. According to Roberto, Short, and Patricia (2001) accounts receivables management is the process of establishing an effective system for credit policy, credit risk management, credit risk procedure, and recognition of bad debt expense. It is established that huge ledger balances of receivables indicate a flawed credit policy and any slack in the collection period of these organizations lead to a higher possibility of bad debts. A major component of accounts receivable is the trade credit offered to trading partners by an organization. Trade credit can be viewed as a loan a su pplier provides to its customers in respect of product sales. Ferris (1981) states that short-term loan is tied in both timing and value to the exchange of goods therefore a company would want to collect receivables sooner rather than later as this will enable the company to increase its frequency of reinvestment, or turnover, of its capital. The ability to liquidate the receivables should be of great concern to companies since non-payments and late payments by credit customers can negatively affect the business operation (Zainudin, 2008). There are risks attached to offering trade credits to customers due to the duration between the time of delivery of service or products and the time the customer pays, in this case if a company sells on credit, its money is tied to the products until the customer pays. But, importantly though credit collection function is, it is often neglected and managed inefficiently. The problem, however, is not new and not confined to any particular industry or country. Ghana Water Company Limited, Kumasi within which this research is being conducted is of no exemption. The companys primary objective is to provide reliable and affordable water supply to meet the needs of its customers. However, achieving this objective seems almost illusory in the numerous challenges the company is confronted with. The Ghana Water Company Limiteds Monthly Revenue Report for May (2012), has revealed that sizeable amount of money stands in the books as arrears which its numerous customers are supposed to pay. In managing account receivables, there should be a policy that will help maximize revenue collection. It will need to take into account a companys current and desired cash position, as well as its ability to satisfy expected demand. Past and present governments of the Republic of Ghana have been trying various ways of getting funds to improve the water systems in the country in order to provide potable water for the good people of this country. Th ey have not relented in their efforts, yet it seems that not enough funds have been solicited to enable Ghana Water Company to execute this very important task. Several studies have indicated that it costs the company almost GHÂÂ ¢0.80 per meter cube to produce, transport and distribute a unit volume of potable water. Water tariffs have, however, been held around GHÂÂ ¢0.20 per meter cube. GWCL has already been operating at a level constrained by insufficiency of funds without regard to actual operational needs. In this case if Ghana Water Company Limited do not properly manage their accounts receivable well, they may be faced with debt servicing challenges and will be forced to impose higher tariffs the effects of which may be unbearable to the consumers of its services. Organizations should therefore be practically oriented and be systematic of managing accounts receivable to enhance their continual growth, profitability and survival in their businesses. 1.2. Statement of the Problem The significant role in which an effective management of accounts receivable plays in every organization cannot be overemphasized. Companies that concentrate on credit sales without monitoring their collection will soon find much of their current assets tied up in bad debts. The offer of service on credit base to customers needs an effective credit system management that allows companies to collect its accounts due on time and not inherit risk. Ghana Water Company Limited deliver their service on credit basis and that has created huge arrears or debtors figure in their financial statement making it difficult for the company to manage its account receivables taking into consideration the size of its indebtedness. Ironically, GWCL has always been given the mandate by the Public Utility Regulation Commission (PURC) to increase its tariffs a little higher but still complains of lack of adequate funds to enable them operate effectively and efficiently. This cause reaction from the ge neral public of the poor quality of service being provided by GWCL because the health of the masses of every country largely depend on the source of water they drink or use, that is the more reason why it is said that water is life. It is believed that there are more to the problem and therefore an increment in tariffs without better management of accounts receivable will always cause obstacles in the production of service to customers. This study therefore seeks to look into these problems in the context of GWCL and identifies how the company can manage its account receivables build-up in order to ease the financial burden it currently finds itself. It further draws a practical conclusion to the billing system of the Ghana Water Company Limited, their collection strategies, credit policy and generally how these huge arrears are or should be managed by GWCL and other business organizations which may find this work beneficial to them. 1.3 Research Questions The statement of the problem induces the researcher to formulate the following sub questions: What are the credit policies of Ghana Water Company Limited? Do consumers of Ghana Water Company abide by the credit policy? What are the difficulties faced by GWCL in the collection of accounts receivable? How does this affect the smooth operations of the company? What is the relationship between GWCLs credit policy management and its debt collection performance? 1.4 Research Objectives The overall aim of this study is to evaluate the management of accounts receivable in service organizations and to suggest ways to overcome its challenges. The specific objectives are to: Examine the credit policy adopted by Ghana Water Company Limited to collect account receivables from customers. Examine customers awareness of the credit policy and the constraints in abiding by this policy? To identify problems/constraint associated with account receivable collection by GWCL To identify constraints associated with GWCL account receivable payment by customers Establish whether there is a relationship between GWCLs credit policy management and its debt collection performance. 1.5 Significance of the Study The study seeks to bring out the problems involved in the huge debtors figure in the financial statement of GWCL and other utility companies as they sell mostly on credit bases. It would also provide a framework with which the management of the organizations or companies can or may examine the prudence ways of managing their account receivables. The purpose of this study therefore is to investigate the underlying factors that have militated against the ability of GWCL to discharge or deliver on its responsibilities. It is the expectation of this research study to identify the factors responsible for this state of affairs and to propose appropriate means to address these in the affected region. The findings of this research may as well form a basis for further research into the management of accounts receivable and positive steps will be taken to improve this situation. 1.6 The Scope of the Study This study is limited to the management of account receivable but not the management of working capital in totality. The intention was to concentrate on debtors management which has been a source of worry to GWCL and most of the utility industries. GWCL was selected among most of the utility industries and the location of Kumasi due to the companys interest in this topic and the accessibility of information by the researcher. 1.7 Limitations of the Study The study took GWCL, Kumasi as a single entity and selection of few of its customers (debtors) and staff for this research. The selection does not cover all the GWCL customers in Kumasi who are in arrears or indebted to the company. Again, since Kumasi was specifically selected for these studies, the diversity of billing and customer indebtedness challenges, in other parts of the country of Ghana were not wholly covered. The study is also limited by the fact that, due to administrative secrecy, certain vital information was not released to the researcher. Nevertheless, the study as much as possible provides a fair view of the topic under consideration. 1.8 Organization of the Study The study is organized into five main chapters. Chapter one introduces the study which concerns itself with the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study and the limitation of the study. Chapter two examines existing literature and the reviews of related literature work on accounts receivable. There is also an empirical evidence of related research work. Chapter three presents the methodology used in gathering both primary and secondary data with a detailed account of how the research will be conducted. The background of the study area, the study type, the study design, study variables, sample size and sampling technique method, data collection method, data analysis method and the ethical consideration are all involved. Chapter four contains the analysis of data, interpretation of the findings. Chapter five summarizes, concludes and offer recommendation for further study.

William Chaucer and His Views on the Clergy Essay - 619 Words

In today’s society, masses of people are moving away from Christianity, due to the dark past of the church. We cannot follow those who choose the path of corruption, for fear that we face a similar fate. Christianity is a pillar in our world that holds up many people, and should it fall, those who are supported by it will follow. History is filled with men such as John Wycliff who have fought to shed light on cleric corruption, through works such as A Treatise of John Wycliff Against the Order of the Friars, and later, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Wycliff’s speech in 1382 is the first exposition of the clergy’s wrongdoing, when he accuses the friars of â€Å"stealing men’s children† and â€Å"making our land lawless†. A short 5 years†¦show more content†¦He also castrated himself for a prettier voice to bring forward more money. This shows that he was not singing for the church but for his own personal gain. The au thor repeats the word fake when he says (706-707) â€Å"his wallet lay before him on his lap brim full of pardons come from rome all hot† and (714-715) â€Å"for in his trunk he had a pillow- case which he asserted was our lady veil†. The veil was actually that of a woman. The description of the pardoner’s actions personify his fake personality. Chaucer later tells of a sinful church follower that the people call â€Å"The Wife of Bath†. She’s earned this name by showing up at the church door to marry a new man on several occasions, and having a promiscuous love life behind closed doors. Chaucer repeats the use of sarcasm by using the word worthy in â€Å"A worthy woman form beside bath city†(455) and â€Å"A worthy woman all her life.†(469); by doing this Chaucer is noting that shes not a â€Å"worthy† woman, and this is what one would suspect of the common person when the most holy and â€Å"pure† teachers such as the friar are wandering through dark and sinful times. 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In order to prove to her his passion and his unwavering commitment and, he subjects himself to a series of tests and ordeals that she desires to put him. Paris further explains that sexual satisfaction may not

Death Of A Salesman Essay Thesis Example For Students

Death Of A Salesman Essay Thesis Death of a SalesmanIn Death of a Salesman, a play written by Arthur Miller, Miller reflects the theme that every man needs to be honest with him self and act in accordance with his nature by displaying success and failure in different lights. Miller embodies the theme through characters in the play by explaining how their success and failures in being true to themselves help shapes their fates. Strongest evidence of Millers theme is reflected in the characteristics of Biff Loman, Benard, and Willy Loman. Through out the play, these three characters never give way to others influence and what others view of being successful is. Biff Loman, son of Willy Loman, is a man who begins the play blinded about the nature of him self. Taught to be well liked and stand out by his father, Biffs whole life goal is to live up to Willys expectations and make Willy proud of him. After a visit to Boston to see his father, a trip to confess his failure in math soon turns into Biffs self-realization about his true nature once catching Willy with a mistress. In a argument with Willy, Biff states, And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody! Thats whose fault it is (1855). Biff is confronting Willy about certain actions he has taken in his life after high school. Why he never graduated from high school, why he never became a successful businessman like Willy always wanted him to be, why he ran off out west and became a nobody in Willys mind. I am not a leader of men, Willy, and neither are you. You were never anything but a hard-working drummer who landed in the ash can like all the rest of them! Im one dollar and hour, Willy! I tried seven states and couldnt raise it. A buck an hour! Do you gather my meaning? Im not bringing home any prizes any more, and youre going to stop waiting for me to bring them home, Biff states (1856). Here Biff is finally laying on Willy that he is not a businessman, a super star, or a leader. Biff is attempting to clarify to Willy that Biff knows what he really is, what he really likes, and why he did the things he did after high school. Willy could not force Biff to be something he is not, and after Biff caught Willy with the mistress, Biff never again confused about the true nature of him self. Brought up on his fathers values, Biff never turns his back on his true self and still feels that out west is where his life should be. Benard, son of Charley, is the bookworm neighbor and childhood friend of Biff whose caring nature is shown through out the play. Never deviating from his helping sprit, Benard is always there to help out Biff and Willy whenever possible. In high school, Benard constantly reminds Biff that he needs to study with him so he doesnt fail math and not graduate high school. Biff, where are you? Youre supposed to study with me today. Hes gotta study, Uncle Willy. Hes got Regents next week, Benard states (1807). Here Benard is looking out for the well being of Biff. Even when everyone thinks he is being a nuisance, Benard still shows his helping hand and acting in accordance with his nature. Even as years past, Benard never loses track of what his nature is. All his studying and hard work lands him a high position as an attorney and he never let anyones criticisms stop him from being successful. Also, Willy comes to see Charley at his office with surprise to see Benard is there visiting his f ather. Benard and Willy get into a serious conversation discussing what happened to Biff after high school. Here Benard tells Willy how much he loves Biff and cares for him even though he takes advantage of him. Well, just that when he came back Ill never forget this, it always mystifies me. Because Id thought so well of Biff, even though hed always taken advantage of me. I loved him, Willy, yknow? And he came back after that month and took his sneakers- remember those sneakers with University of Virginia printed on them? He was so proud of those wore them every day. And he took them down in the cellar, and burned them up in the furnace. We had a fistfight. It lasted at least half an hour. Just two of us punching each other down the cellar, and crying right thorough it. Ive often thought of how strange it was that I knew hed given up his life, what happened in Boston Willy, Benard states (1837). Benard never stopped thinking about what happened to Biff all this time and was there th at particular day he spoke of with Biff, crying, and being there when Biff really needed him. Benard is acting in accordance with his nature of caring and being true to him self, even under extenuating circumstances. .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .postImageUrl , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:hover , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:visited , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:active { border:0!important; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:active , .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9 .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub819013a7aa5cf007c148d4a9b030cd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dan Gable EssayWilly Loman is a man whose strong beliefs never allow him to think otherwise and whose prideful nature dictates everything in his life. Never once does Willy feel what he teaches his boys are wrong and would do anything for his sons. Willys sons, Biff and Happy, are failures, but Willy doesnt want to believe this. He wants his sons, especially Biff, to succeed where he has not. He believes his boys are great and cannot understand why they are not successful. Willy cannot see who he and his sons are. He believes that they are great men who have what it takes to be successful and beat the business world. Unfortunately, he is mistaken. In reality, Willy and son s are not, and cannot, be successful. Also, Willy is also unable to see change. He is man lost in the modern era of technology. He says, How can they whip cheese? (1806) and is constantly In a race with the junkyard (1831). Willys prideful nature never once lets down, and he follows what he believes till the very end. In a conversation with Howard, Willys boss, Howard reveals to Willy that he is letting him go from the firm. Howard suggests to Willy that Willy should turn to his boys for support at his old age. I cant throw myself on my sons. Im not a cripple, Willy states (1832). Again, Willy can not allow his prideful nature fall and acts in accordance with his nature by suggesting to Howard that he continue to work at the firm, even in reality, he is no longer capable. Even after being fired by Howard and not having ajob anymore, he still is able to keep his pride. Every week he goes to Charley asking him to borrow some money, but Charley knows that Willy has no job and insist th at he work for him, by offering him a job. Willy responds with, I I cant work for you thats all dont ask me why (1838). Willy can give no reason of why he can work, but it is obvious here that his prideful nature can not allow him to throw himself at Charley for help, just as he was not able to tell Howard that he could not throw himself on his sons. This stubbornness behavior, although ilrash, was Willys way of acting in accordance with his nature. Biff Loman, Benard, and Willy Loman all share something unique.In Death of a Salesmen, the theme that every man needs to be honest with him self and act in accordance with his nature by displaying success and failure is implied strongly through those three characters through out the entire play. Miller purposely embodied the characteristics in each of those men to show how a person beliefs or nature, can be the driving force and sometimes the reason for living in a persons life. Although, each of these men ended up with very different lives, Benard becoming extremely successful, Biff not as successful as his father hoped, but always true to what his true nature was, and Willy, giving his life up in the end to help his children, one thing is certain. No matter what anyone tried to tell these three men, or what ever obstacles they faced, they never once veered from the path that their true nature took them.

Make Effective Oral Presentationin English free essay sample

However, the final preparation and presentation differ significantly from editing and polishing an essay. An oral presentation consists of three main parts: the introduction, body, and conclusion. Speech is one of the 3 fundamental communication modes. The ability to communicate through effective speaking Is as Important to language skill development as Is the ability to write effectively. To Improve the pronunciation In oral presentations, we need for speech training In English. One way to learn how to pronounce words correctly Is to listen to the way good speakers or English articulate them.In addition, It helps If you create a list of words and practice speaking them aloud. Pronunciation is not about acquiring a native English accent. The primary concern in learning pronunciation skills is to be able to speak clearly so that you are easily understood by the listener or audience. 2. 0 SPEAKING IN A FORMAL ACADEMIC CONTEXT Speaking In a formal academic context Is becoming more Important as teaching methods are trying to Involve students In group works, making presentations, and participating In discussion on academic topics. We will write a custom essay sample on Make Effective Oral Presentationin English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Making presentations controlling discussions, and listening and note taking, It has a kind of menu where you can choose any area in which you need help or information, e. . In the presentation it shows you how to present a seminar paper and it gives you steps to do your presentation interesting, and not confusing, so you can express to your audience what you can get help considering that English spelling and English pronunciation has a difference.Many students comment that they find working in groups difficult, because they can never contribute new and intelligent ideas to the group, so in speaking in academic context you will find help n working in groups, it mentions that if everyone contribute new ideas, the group would continue to be successful, so here it has some roles that students can follow to be successful in working as a team, for example a successful group needs a leader, someone who can come with good Ideas, and see the practical uses of the other group members Ideas. . 1 Transactional Model of Oral Communication meaning in two or more parties responding to their environment and each other. This model also shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act it both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages. It also describes the way in which oh can use transactions in message flows to accomplish certain tasks and results.A message flow consists of the following constituents parts: ; An input source ; The message flow or logic, which is defined by a sequence of nodes ; Zero or more external resources that are accessed during the flow ; Zero or more output target. 2. 2 Academic and Professional Public Speaking Skills Public Speaking can enhance your academic and professional skills. You will learn to be:- I. A persuasive and effective communicator; it. More confident and able to project a positive self-image to others; iii.More radical when analyzing arguments and information given to you; and lb. Able to respond appropriately to criticisms and arguments. 2. 3 Type of Audience Analysis The common division of audience into categories is as follows: a) Experts : These are people who know the theory and the product inside and out. They designed it, tested it, and know about everything about it. Often, they have advanced degrees and operate in academic settings or in research and development areas of the government and business worlds. ) Technicians : These are the people who build, operate, maintain, and repair the stuff that the experts design and theorize about. Theirs is a highly technical knowledge as well, but off more practical nature. C) Executive : These are the people who make business, economic, administrative, legal, governmental, political decisions on the stuff that the experts and technicians work with. D) Neocolonialists : These readers have the least technical knowledge of all. Their interest may be as practical as technicians, but in a different way. . 3. 1 Audience Analysis Audience, regardless of category, must also be analyzed in terms of characteristics such as the following: a) Background-knowledge, experience, training : One of your cost important concerns is Just how much knowledge, experience, or training you can expect in your readers. B) Needs and interests : To plan your document, you need to know what your audience is going to expect from the document. Imagine how readers will want to use your document; what will they demand from it. ) Other demographic characteristic : There are many other characteristics about your readers that might have an influence on how you should design and write your document e. G. Age groups, type of residence, area of residence, sex, political preferences, and so on. 3. PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION Making yourself familiar with the setting in which the speech is to be made is one way to reduce panic attacks and minimize the risk of unexpected problems cropping up at the last minute. For instance, you should find out the exact location of the place where the presentation is to be held.Start off early for the place if it is in the midst of a traffic congestion area. If you arrive early, check weather you need to go up on stage to present your talk, and if there is a rostrum or not. Also check the public address system and the equipment that needs to be utilized. There is always the risk that the computer and the LCD projector might not function properly; find out how you can get in touch with the technicians who can assist you should this happen. You also need to know whether the speech will be held in a formal or informal setting.If it is formal, you would need to be appropriately dresses and very punctual; if it is not, then a certain amount of flexibility with respect to arrival time and dress code could perhaps be tolerated. 3. 2 The Audience Profiling the audience for your speech could be difficult but it may be worth your time to make the effort. Make enquiries about the audience, with respect to their gender, age, social, economic and educational backgrounds, prior knowledge, expectations, likes and dislikes, occupational backgrounds, place of residence, habits, personality etc. Basically, in order to create a connection between the speech and the audience, you need to ask yourself these basic questions: I. Whom will I be speaking to? It. What will I be speaking to? Iii. What do they want to know about the topic? lb. What do I want them to know at the end of the presentation? Once you know more about your audience, you can create speeches that are appropriate for them in arms of content, the language used and even style. For instance, a speech that is them in intended for school children would be different from one that is meant for businessmen.Unlike adults, school children are usually less able to handle content that is too abstract and language style that is indirect. The use of metaphors and symbolism may also be lost on school children. The style of your presentation should also be in tune with your audience. 3. 3 Determine The Purpose And Topic Once you know the occasion and location for your presentation, and the type of audience attending, you are ready to set the aims and objectives of the presentation. For instance, do you aim to convey, inform, relay, relate, influence, persuade, appease, encourage, motivate, illustrate, clarity or appeal?After determining the purpose, you can then set the topic. If your aim is to motivate, then you would need to come up with a topic that suits the purpose. Topics dealing with themes like procrastination, determination, endurance, not giving up hope, would be appropriate. The oral presentation must be structured in such a way so as to reflect clarity and smoothness. Bear in mind that your audience is a listening audience and not a reading one. They do not have the luxury of going back to information they may have missed or not comprehended.It is, therefore, important to frame your points systematically so that the paper is effectively delivered. 3. 4. 1 Why Structure is important You need to have a structure for the presentation because the audience cannot pay attention for a long period of the time and may find the presentation is difficult to follow if it is not systematically structured and organized. A good structure helps to capture and hold their attention. . 4. 2 Basic Procedures An oral presentation needs:- I. Introduction Inform the audience what they are going to listen to; it. Body Present the content of the presentation; iii.Conclusion Summaries the main points. The basic procedure is to present a lucid introduction, well-researched content and a comprehensive conclusion. 3. 4. 3 Main Idea It is advisable to limit the main ideas to between three and six only. Going beyond this number would attract boredom rather than improve attentiveness. The issue that need to be discussed within each main point should be reduced in scope, specially when there is a likelihood that the presentation would go beyond the time limit. For better comprehension and retention, the gist of what is to be conveyed should be spelt out clearly at the beginning of the presentation. Each of the main ideas should be properly introduced, arranged and concluded. 3. 4. 4 Sequencing of Main Ideas The sequencing of main ideas should be in a manner that makes it easy for the audience to follow. One way is to start from the easier to the more difficult, or from the known to the unknown. You can also opt to follow a time sequence. For example, oh can explain the progress of a nation by reporting first on the earliest development and ending with the latest development. The arrangement of the points can also follow a logical sequence. 3. 4. Outlining the Material The material collected can be put into certain categories based on the main ideas raised. There might be a need to create sub-ideas under each main idea. These sub-ideas should not be more than five to avoid confusion. The sequence should be clear and logical. Another way to developing a structure is by webbing or mapping. This provides the presenter with a clearer picture of what issues he wants to include, intent holistically. 3. 4. 6 Writing Out the Presentation After developing the structure, proceed with the writing process, which will be a lot smoother if you adhere to the outline.You already have most of the material ready. What is left now is to write up the points. These are two aspects that you should bear in mind when writing: a) Languages; b) Style. As mentioned earlier, the audience is listening to the presentation. This means that the language used for the paper/slides should be simple and not too complex: a) Words should be simple and comprehensible. B) Sentences should be short. ) Some ideas need to be repeated so that the audience would not be in doubt. D) Avoid clicks. E) Sentences constructed should be grammatically acceptable so that clarity and comprehensibility are the outcomes. With respect to the style, be as simple as possible. The style of writing an academic paper and speech is not the same. 3. 5 Visuals aids Visuals aids help to make a presentation more lively. They can also help the audience to follow your presentation and help you to present information that would be difficult to follow through speech alone. The two most common forms of visual aid re overhead transparencies (Outs) and computers slide shows (e. G. Power Point). Objects that can be displayed or passed round the audience can also be very effective and often help to relax the audience.Some speakers give printed handouts to the audience to follow as they speak. Others prefer to give their handouts at the end of the talk, because they can distract the audience from the presentation. 3. 6 Rehearsing The Presentation The key to effective and efficient use of time is rehearsal. Use a stop watch and rehearse, revise, rehearse, revise and rehearse until your presentation is within the target time limit. When you rehearse, do so manner similar to the actual presentation. Have an audience (imagination), stand up, and speak in the same volume you will use.Rehearse your presentation with the visual aids you will actually use during the presentation. Dont read the slides to your audience, but use them to guide and focus your audiences attention, reinforce your main points, and provide details. When possible, use a video or audio recorder and then critique yourself. Please dont be too critical; everyone sounds awful and/or looks absolutely horrible upon playback. 1 Introducing The Topic An important step when giving a speech or making an oral presentation is to audience to listen to the presentation or cue them in, so to speak. . 2 Presenting The Content When presenting the content, it is important to organism your presentation. The more time you spend on preparation, the more organized and coherent the content of your speech. For example, if you have been invited a month back to speak on Childrens Day, you have more time to prepare and a well-organized speech is expected. In contrast, impromptu speeches are those that people make on the spot without NY preparation. These speeches challenge us to think quickly and are a favorite teaching tool among teachers to get students used to speaking before a group of people. . 2. 1 A General Outline In gathering information about the topic, the first thing you should do is to find out how long you are to speak. Find out too, about the audience that you will be speaking to. Are they all adults (parents) or teenagers, or a mix of both? Then, gather the necessary information. It is good to outline what you are going to speak about. You can prepare the outline as below: a) Introduction of the topic ) Body of the talk: I. Definition of terms (if any); it. Describing the situation; iii. Points in favor; and v. Points against. C) Conclusion I.Summarizing the main points: and it. Concluding with an appeal, proposal, etc.. 4. 2. 2 The Actual Presentation Itself When making the actual presentation, bear in mind the following: dont slouch. B) Maintain eye contact with the audience. C) Greet the audience, and then start your presentation. D) Give an overview of what you are going to talk about. E) Try not to read from your notes. Talk to the audience instead. As prompts only. ) Stand straight, f) Use your notes g) As you speak, turn your head slowly to look at one section of the crowd before turning to another section. ) Pause between ideas. Dont rattle on at full speed. I) Speak with an even tone. Be load enough to be heard but do not shout. Similarly, dont talk to yourself, mumble or speak too softly. J) At the end, summaries what you have said. K) Then, thank the audience for being good listeners. L) Invite comments and participation. M) When its over, leave with a smile. Conclude the talk well. In concluding, there are two steps involved. A) First you would summaries the main points of your presentation or, at least, give a line that summarizes the presentation.This helps the audience to grasp what has been said. B) Second, thank the audience for being good listeners and smile as you leave. 4. 4 Tips For Effective Delivery When making an oral presentation, you must know your subject well and convince your audience that they have something to gain from listening to you. Here are some tips for effective oral presentation:- I (a) Bib prepared I Research your subject to ensure that you are knowledgeable. Practice your presentation I I I until you feel comfortable. Make sure you can present your information within whatever I I will have.