Culture from Cranium :: essays research papers fc

Culture from CraniumEliot BrownThroughout the history of anthropology it has been a popular viewthat people atomic number 18 largely products of their culture, and not the new(prenominal) wayaround. Yet culture is an exclusively human phenomenon. While it is truethat everyone lives within a cultural context, and that context accountsfor varying degrees of who that person is (indeed, there are those who saythat certain people are wholly products of their culture), the reverse isalso true. Each person, then, has some degree of impact on the culturearound him or her. The current culture of this country, for example, washugely shaped by the intellects and ideals of those who founded it, even ofthe original European settlers. Just as a person can be most fullycreated by their culture, so can a culture result almost fully from onepersons intellect.There have been many cases of such things chance throughouthistory. Some have met with success, and some not. For the purposes of thisessay I have chosen to examine one case, which, considering its sharpdeviation from the cultural context from which it came, was amazinglysuccessful. The Oneida Community, in Oneida, New York was a uniquereligious communist society in the mid-nineteenth century. The communitywas based on the radical religious beliefs, and biblical interpretations of magic trick Humphrey Noyes.Noyes grew up in a well to do household in Vermont. He Graduatedfrom Dartmouth College in 1830 with high honors. Up to that point he hadbeen cynically agnostic. But in 1831 he attended a revival with his mother necessitate by Charles Finney, the leader of a large religious movement in thenortheast. Deeply moved he decided to enter the ministry. Noyes attendedthe Andover Theological Seminary and Yale Divinity School. It was at Yalethat he started developing his controversial views, which then preventedhim from being ordained. He decided that when one accepted Jesus that theywere then totally without sin and had achie ved a state of spiritualperfection. He also became convinced, as he wrote in a letter to a friend,that he was Gods agent on Earth. Returning to Vermont, Noyes assembled acore mathematical group of 32 followers, consisting of his family and some friends,calling themselves the Putney Association. In 1844 the group adoptedcommunism. They owned three houses, a store, a small chapel for collectiveworship, and ran two farms. Two years later they began practicing thesystems of Mutaual Criticism and Male Continence. These practices lead tothe persecution of the group by the surrounding communities, culminating inthe arrest and indictment of Noyes.

Delaware Diary Essay -- essays research papers

Frank Dales view of the Delaware River is of change and challenge. The Delaware Diary is shown through tragedy and prosperity, hope and grief, but preceding(prenominal) all it is told through the stories of those who were there. As his subtitle suggests, episodes in the life of a river, he symbolically represents the river as having a life of its own through the stories and accounts of the race who had some particular impact by the river or to the river. There are many stories to be told of the river, but here are a few evidential turning points in American history in part by that river. These episodes of the river make up a timeline to further give the river life, and in many ways, character.Historically, the earliest accounts of the river are by the Lenni-Lenape Indians. They may be considered the original human inhabitors of the area. One of the most notorious land scams perpetrated against the Lenni-Lenape was the infamous Walking Purchase of 1737. Two sons of William Penn, bath and Thomas, had acquired a deed signed by theur father with the Lenni-Lenape, they said, that gave to William and his heirs a generally triangular piece of land in the Pocono Mountains of eastern Pennsylvania. One boundary was to be the west into the forrest as far as a man could walk in a day and a half. The third line would be worn-out at a right angle from the end of the walked line back to the river. The sons engaged the three fastest men in the ...

DMX song Slippin’ :: essays research papers

DMX- SlippinThe song Slippin by artist DMX uses tone, theme and imagination. DMXs purpose for writing this song was to experience the theme how life in the streets is, and how you can over come life with drugs if you give it all you got. The song begins with the loudspeaker system talking about jobs he is having with his mom, and thats when he decides to run away from home. Then it moves on to when he is on the streets by himself, and that is when his problems begin to worsen.In the first stanza, the speaker starts talking about the problem he is having with his mom. He then decides to leave his house. When he leaves his house he thinks its going to be easy to expect alone in the streets and that is when he uses imagery and says Im gonna be that seed that doesnt need much to succeed . He then finds out that life in the streets is not so easy and thats when he says, Im ready for the world, or at least I thought I was In this stanza he in any case uses tone when he says, DAMN , was it my fault something I did.? Here he is asking himself if it was his fault that his go had left him at age 7 and why did his father leave. In the chorus the speaker uses the phrase .Im Slippin , Im fallin, I cant worry up, which means that the speaker is loosing every hope that will help him start through all the problems he has. The speaker also uses theme in the chorus when he says, See, to live is to suffer, but to survive, well, thats to find meaning in the suffering. He uses theme here because he is saying that to him life is nothing but suffering and if you survive the suffering, its just to find meaning in it. In the middle of the song the speaker talks about how he hit rock bottom. He says that in three years he started showing signs of stress, that he didnt care how he looked and he didnt care about anybody. He says that he Would get high to get by or in other words he would get high to forget about the problems he had. Finally at the end of the song he talks abou t how his life started to change with the help of his friends.

Contracts Essay example -- essays research papers

ContractsA shrivel is an agreement that is enforceable by law. Modern business could nonexist without such contracts. Most business transactions involve commitments tofurnish goods, services, or trustworthy property these commitments are usually in theform of contracts. using up of the contract in business affairs ensures, to some extent, the doingof an agreement, for a party that breaks a contract may be sued in court for the amends caused by the breach. Sometimes, however, a party that breaks a contractmay be persuaded to make an out-of-court settlement, thus saving the expense oflegal proceedings.A contract arises when an declare oneself to make a contract is accepted. An offercontains a promise (for example, "I will pay $1,000") and a request forsomething in return (a persons car). The acceptance consists of an concur bythe party to whom the offer is made, showing that the person agrees to the termsoffered. The offer may be terminated in a number of ways. For exa mple, the party make the offer may cancel it (a revocation), or the party to whom the offer ismade may reject it. When the party to whom the offer is made responds with adifferent offer, called a counteroffer, the original offer is terminated. Thenthe counteroffer may be accepted by the party making the original offer.REQUIREMENTS OF A VALID CONTRACTFor a contract to be valid, both parties must give their assent. They must actin such a way that the other people involved believe their blueprint is to makea contract. Thus a person who is clearly not sincere in saying that he or sheaccepts an offer usually is not held to a contract by the courts. On the otherhand, a person who secretly has no intention of making a contract but who actsin a manner that leads people to believe he or she had, may be held to acontract. Legally, it is the external appearance that determines whether one isheld to a contract.ConsiderationA contract results from a bargain. This implies that each party to the contractgives up something, or promises to, in exchange for something given up orpromised by the other party. This is called consideration. In the example givenabove, the consideration on one side is the promise to pay $1,000, and on theother, the promise to deliver a car. With rare exceptions, a promise by oneparty, without some form of consideration being extended by the other pa... ... of silver designed to compensate for losses stemmingfrom the breach). Damages are measured by what may reasonably be foreseen asfinancial losses unforeseeable losses may not be collected. If an award ofmoney is not compensatory because something about the promised dischargeance wasunique, the party who breaks a contract may be ordered by the court to performas agreed. This is called specific performance. For example, real estate isalways considered unique. Therefore, when a party has contracted to sell realestate but changes his or her mind, the court may grant specific performance andorder that the deed for the real estate be delivered to the agreed buyer.Most contracts are formed with an implicit understanding that neither party needperform unless the other has completed his or her promised performance. Anexception to this understanding occurs when a party has performed most of his orher obligation and the part not performed is relatively immaterial. The doctrineof secure performance provides that in such a case, the opposite party mustperform, although he or she may secure money damages to the extent that he orshe was damaged by lack of complete performance.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- English Literature

The yellow wallpaperThe Yellow Wall-Paper, by Charlotte Gilman Perkins, can be read as asimple stage of a young woman suffering from postpartum depression.Her conserve is unsympathetic to her needs, her doctor refuses toacknowledge her serious illness, and her emotional state declines as a import of being forced to stay inside her style in the middle of hervacation with no company except the yellow wallpaper. But, on a deeperlevel, it is this room and the wallpaper that is pasted all over itthat is symbolic and allows the narrator to materialize her depressionand slowly decline into insanity.In the beginning of the story, the narrator describes herself ashaving jury-rigged nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency.(169) The narrator is well aware of her condition, and it is apparentthat she is also aware of what her condition may lead to. But, if itwerent for certain imprisoning aspects of her environment, hercondition might have never progressed to complete insanity. F orexample, the windows of the narrators room become a materializationof the world that squeezes her into the tiny pokey of her own mind, andthe wallpaper represents this state of that mind. The room was onceused as a nursery, and thus its environment makes the narrator feel kindred a child, like a being who is taken less seriously than she shouldbe. She is in a room where the windows are barred for littlechildren, and there are rings and things in the walls. (170) Theprotective bars on the windows are symbolic of the protectiveness ofher husband, John, and his well-meaning but ultimately unhelpfulsuggestions. The narrator is a prisoner in her place of rest, and herhusband is but the jailer, watching over ... ...per as I did? (180) She believesthat by locking herself in her symbolic physical prison and tearingoff the wall-paper that is symbolic of her affable state, she isreleasing herself from all of the expectations of her husband and allthe depression she felt throughout the st ory.The narrators physical environment and the symbolism it containedallowed her to materialize her depression and decide into insanity.It is clear that it is possible to view the wallpaper as a reflectionof the narrators state of mind and the fact that she took on thecharacter of the woman in the wallpaper to allow herself to break freeof the ties that bound her. The confinement of the barred room and thedisturbingly vivid wallpaper proved not only to be praiseful tothe story, but also to foreshadow the narrators escape fromdepression into a new sphere of insanity.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- English Literature

The yellow paperThe Yellow Wall-Paper, by Charlotte Gilman Perkins, can be read as asimple story of a young woman suffering from postpartum depression.Her husband is unsympathetic to her needs, her doctor refuses toacknowledge her well(p) illness, and her emotional state origins as aresult of being forced to stay inside her room in the middle of hervacation with no lodge except the yellow wallpaper. But, on a deeperlevel, it is this room and the wallpaper that is pasted all over itthat is symbolic and allows the fabricator to materialize her depressionand slowly decline into insanity.In the beginning of the story, the narrator describes herself ashaving temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency.(169) The narrator is well aware of her condition, and it is apparentthat she is in like manner aware of what her condition may lead to. But, if itwerent for certain imprisoning aspects of her surround, hercondition might have never progressed to complete insanity. Fore xample, the windows of the narrators room set out a materializationof the world that squeezes her into the tiny jail of her own mind, andthe wallpaper represents this state of that mind. The room was onceused as a nursery, and thus its environment makes the narrator feellike a child, like a being who is taken less seriously than she shouldbe. She is in a room where the windows are barricaded for littlechildren, and there are rings and things in the walls. (170) Theprotective bars on the windows are symbolic of the protectiveness ofher husband, John, and his well-meaning but ultimately unhelpfulsuggestions. The narrator is a prisoner in her place of rest, and herhusband is but the jailer, watching over ... ...per as I did? (180) She believesthat by locking herself in her symbolic personal prison and tearingoff the wall-paper that is symbolic of her mental state, she isreleasing herself from all of the expectations of her husband and allthe depression she felt throughout the story .The narrators visible environment and the symbolism it containedallowed her to materialize her depression and descend into insanity.It is clear that it is possible to view the wallpaper as a reflectionof the narrators state of mind and the fact that she took on thecharacter of the woman in the wallpaper to allow herself to break freeof the ties that bound her. The confinement of the barred room and thedisturbingly vivid wallpaper proved not only to be complimentary tothe story, but also to foreshadow the narrators escape fromdepression into a new field of study of insanity.

Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay

This survey provides an scrutiny of particleal cognition demonstrated by 25 ( seventh and 9th screen ) scholarly persons from a suburban bunch of schools in a suburban community in Georgia. Students were inclined tail fin fraction trades necessitating them use representations for their replies. Analysis of single responses manoeuvred that pupils at both curriculum degrees lack a complete apprehension of fractional constructs such as portion to exclusively in every last(predicate), fractional parts, and distances and relationships amidst measures.Research suggests that larning is more meaningful when pupils argon given frequent chances to interact with different hypothetic accounts and rethink the constructs ( Dienes, cited in Post & A Reys, 1979 ) . Harmonizing to Lesh, Landau, & A Hamilton ( 1983 ) , mathematics constructs can and should be represented otherwise ways as good, utilizing real-world objects, spoken symbols, written words, and written symbols. They sugg est that pupils who use a assortment of ways to stand for fractions let show up more flexible impressions of fractions. Petit, Laird, & A Marsden ( 2010 ) province utilizing speculative accounts and on a regular basis inquiring pupils to explicate their thought plays an of import function in direction. Asking pupils inquiries as they achievement with job resolution helps them construct upon their apprehension of fractions. Heller, Post, Behr, & A Lesh ( 1990 ) , ensnare that about merely one fifth of 7th graders and one 4th of 8th graders eat up a functional apprehension of proportionality.Models should pervade direction leting pupils chances to job solve and develop apprehension of fractional constructs such as portion to whole, fractional parts, and distances and relationships between measures. Students demonstrate more bring out happening the fractional portion when the identification number of parts in the whole is tally to the magnitude of the denominator instead than a bigeminal or factor of the magnitude of the whole ( Bezuk & A Bieck, 1993 ) . Three types of theoretical accounts pupils use to interact with, work out jobs, and generalise constructs related to fractions are country theoretical accounts, set theoretical accounts, and figure lines. Student-drawn country theoretical accounts can be effectual for doing comparings of parts of wholes or turn uping fractions on a figure line. Circle theoretical accounts can be used efficaciously to compare fractions if pupils consider the size of the whole and are accurate in their dividers into equal-sized parts. Uniting theoretical accounts with manipulatives can assist pupils concentrate on of import characteristics of the theoretical accounts and do comparings ( Petit, Laird, & A Marsden, 2010 ) .Georgia Performance StandardsIn the source class pupils are expect to split up to 100 objects into equal parts utilizing words, come acrosss, or diagrams ( G1M1N4 ) . Specifically halves and qua drupletths as equal parts of a whole utilizing count ons and theoretical accounts ( G1M1N4C ) . In the second class pupils are expected to understand and compare fractions ( G2M2N4 ) . Students will pattern, place, label, and compare fractions ( tierces, sixths, eighths, ten percents ) as a representation of equal parts of a whole or of a set ( G2M2N4 ) . In the fifth class are expected to compare fractions and warrant the comparing ( G5M5N4F ) .Harmonizing to the Georgia Department of Education, pupils begin to develop an apprehension of fractions in the 3rd class. Students are able to see fractions in general as being built out of unit fractions, and they use fractions on with ocular fraction theoretical accounts to stand for parts of a whole. Students are able to utilize fractions to stand for Numberss equal to, less than, and greater than one and work out jobs that involve comparing fractions by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts and schemes.Students develop appreh ension of fraction equality and operations with fractions in the 4th class. They traverse middle-aged apprehensions about how fractions are built from unit fractions, composing fractions from unit fractions, break uping fractions into unit fractions, and utilizing the significance of fractions and the significance of generation to multiply a fraction by a whole figure.Students begin widening apprehension of fraction equality and ordination by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts in the fifth class. In add-on, pupils are expected to compare fractions with different numerators and denominators, understand add-on and minus of fractions as connection and dividing parts mentioning to the same whole, apply and extend old apprehensions of generation to multiply a fraction by a whole figure, and understand denary notation for fractions, and compare denary fractions.Research QuestionsIn this survey, the succeeding(prenominal) inquiries were posedHow good make seventh and 9th cla ss pupils perform on fraction jobs that require them to utilize representations?Are there any important differences by class degree?Do pupils at the 7th and 9th class degree demonstrate an apprehension of fractional cognition?MethodParticipantsStudents from a suburban bunch of schools in a suburban community South of tube Atlanta participated in this survey. In this bunch of schools, the pupils from three simple schools, feed into two in-between schools, both in-between schools feed into one high school. The population of the high school, similar to the population of the feeder schools has a pupil population that is about 1 % Asian-Pacific Islander, 3 % Hispanic, 50 % African American, and 46 % Caucasic. For the 2009-2010 school twelvemonth, both simple and in-between schools met equal annually advancement ( AYP ) . The high school did non run into AYP.This survey include pupils in the 7th and 9th class. Teachers were solicited who had a professional relationship with the research w orkers. The categories represented include regular mathematics for pupils in the 7th class and Mathematicss 1 for pupils in the 9th class. try Table 1 for pupil demographics. Of the two instructors that submitted responses, 14 7th class and eleven 9th grade ideas were submitted. For the intents of this survey, responses from all 25 will be included in the commentary. Images of alone and questionable responses will be provided to back up and document the pupil work that depicts effectual direction and acquisition or whether pedagogues and other stakeholders need to focus/alter direction to advance pupil larning & A apprehension.The InstrumentA computational fraction trial was developed and adapted from an EasyCBM, sixth class investigation and was administered to all participants. The trial assesses fractional cognition accomplishments and consisted of 5 points necessitating pupils to utilize representations for their replies. The appraisal was designed to place their ability to u tilize representations, theoretical accounts, or incarnations of rational figure measures to reply a assortment of inquiries ( Petit, Laird, Marsden, 2010 ) . The appraisal focused on four key schemes or theoretical accounts pupils must be commensurate in utilizing when working with fractions or rational figure measures models/picture based images, symbolic representations of fractions ( in fractional signifier ) , unwritten & A written communication or fractional measures, and utilizing real-world objects in context ( Petit, Laird, Marsden, 2010 ) . The first interrogation asks a inquiry for pupils to find the greater of two fractional measures use of theoretical accounts or any representation is non expected. The figure line represents the measure or spectrum of set between 0 and 1. The figure line is divided into four equal sections without the values of each section labeled. The 2nd inquiry seeks to find if pupils are able to use a figure line to turn out their response to the first inquiry. The 3rd inquiry gives pupils a opportunity to utilize country theoretical account to place three-fifths of a 5-by-5 grid. The 4th inquiry is a cycle where pupils are expected to place five-sixths of the country in the circle. The 5th inquiry is a set of 36 stars, real-world objects, where pupils are expected to place one-quarter of the entire figure of stars. The sixth inquiry is two rectangular boxes that pupils are expected to utilize ( as in measuring ) to find which measure is greater two-fifths or three-eighths.ExecutionThe appraisal was administered during category for pupils in both categories on the same twenty-four hours. Participants in the 7th class were given the appraisal as a warm-up activity. Participants in the 9th class were given the appraisal after finishing a trial. In both categories, pupils were allowed 20 proceedingss to finish the five inquiries. During the appraisal, pupils were read the waies if requested, separately. Hints, hints, sugg estions, and solutions were non provided.AnalysisThe research inquiries were analyze by hiting the trials as correct, wrong, or non attempted. Each point was separately reviewed and compared with the other participant s responses every bit good. The responses were analyzed to find how pupils represent fractions and job solve. In add-on, analysis focused on pupil apprehension of fractional cognition.Question one needed pupils to find the greater of two fractions ( See regard 1 ) . Consequences indicated 23 correct responses, one non response, and an wrong response. The pupil that did non react was in the 7th class. The pupil that provided the wrong response was in the 9th class.In inquiry two, pupils were asked to come block the location of two fractions on a figure line ( See underframe 2 ) . Four pupils were able to come close the location of the measures of and right, 16 were inaccurate, and five pupils provided no response for the inquiry. Surprising, there were four responses from pupils in both classs that resembled the theoretical account created in determine 1. Figure 3 is an illustration of a right theoretical account of the two fractional or rational measures. Responses similar to that found in Figure 2 and 4 rise concerns in the analysis of pupils apprehension of comparing rational figure measures utilizing a figure line because of the assignment of values that differ from conventional regulations of numeracy. chore two in Figure 1 and 2 demonstrates that the pupil is utilizing whole figure logical thinking and puting the fractions on the figure line harmonizing to the magnitude of the denominators ( Petit, Laird, & A Marsden, 2010 ) .Figure 1Figure 2number1a.gifnumber1c.gifThe image in Figure A was found on the function tatter of a 9th class pupil.The image in Figure B was found on the answer opinion poll of a 9th class pupil.Figure 3Figure 4number1b.gifnumber1d.gifThe image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil.Th e image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil.For inquiry three, pupils were required to stand for portion of a whole utilizing a grid. Nineteen responses were right, two pupils did non react, and five pupil responses were inaccurate. Of the two pupils that did non react, one pupil was in the 7th class, another pupil was in the 9th class. Students in both classs provided an wrong representation of the part of the grid ( See Figure 3 ) . The inquiries that were correct all involve pupils shadowing in 15 of the 25 entire squares or boxes on the 5-by-5 grid. One of the right responses, Figure 5, shows how the pupil rationalizes the colouring of 15 boxes.Figure 5Figure 6The image in Figure 5 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil.The image in Figure 6 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil.Question four required pupils to stand for 5/6 utilizing a circle theoretical account. Two responses were right in stand foring 6 apparently congruous subdivisions of the circle ( See Figure 7 ) . All other pupils were non able to either pull the subdivisions of equal size or approximated the shaded, five-sixths, of the circle. One of the right responses was from a 7th grade pupil the other right response came from a 9th class pupil. Some of the more interesting responses or frequent mistakes noticed are provided in the tabular array below. Figure 7 shows that the 7th grader can come close the value of five-sixths, but is non able to demo the ground exact or approximative country confidently as seen in Figure 8. Figure 9 is really near to an accurate word picture of the country, nevertheless, the subdivisions of the circle are non tantamount there are four eighths and two fourths shown. Figure 10 is from the same pupil who provided rational in Figure 6 nevertheless, the pupil makes the forgo that the units of the circle as drawn similar to a grid are the same size.Figure 7Figure 8question5a.gifquestion5b.gifThe image in Figure 7 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil.The image in Figure 8 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil.Figure 9Figure 10question5c.jpgquestion5d.gifThe image in Figure 9 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil.The image in Figure 10 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil.Students were asked to place A? of the entire objects represented in inquiry 5. Twenty-three pupils provided the right response and two were wrong. Although there were different methods used by the pupils who identified the 4th of all 36 stars, every pupil identified nine as being the 4th utilizing real-world objects or touchable points. Of the two pupils that scored falsely on the job, one circled all of the objects and the other circled merely five.Question 6 measured whether pupils were able to right find if 2/5 is greater than 3/8 utilizing bars. There were five right responses and 14 wrong responses, showing pupils are unable to stand for the different rational fig ure measures as shaded parts of a set of equal sized subdivisions. Six responses were clean. Of the five responses that were right, three were from pupils in the 7th class, two were from 9th graders. Figure 11 shows that the pupil understood to partition the rectangles into parts determined by the denominator of both fractions, but were unable to make equal sized-partitions, an mistake identified by Petit, Laird, Marsden ( 2010 ) . Figure 12 seems to demo the same error, nevertheless, there is non a gather cut response as to which measure the pupil thinks is greater. Figure 13 represents a right response with an appropriate theoretical account of turn walkover the pupils concluding and principle.Figure 11Figure 12question6a.gifquestion6e.gifThe image in Figure 11 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil.The image in Figure 12 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil.Figure 13Figure 14question6c.gifquestion6d.gifThe image in Figure 13 was found on the answer she et of a 7th class pupil.The image in Figure 14 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil.DiscussionConsequences demonstrated that pupils have trouble stand foring fractions at the 7th and 9th class degree. Students demonstrated trouble with relative believing throughout many of the undertakings. While some pupils were able to successfully put the fractions on the figure line in consecutive order, they were non relative. This was anyway apparent when pupils used the country theoretical accounts to find which fraction was greater and when they were asked to shadow a fractional portion of the circle theoretical account. Harmonizing to Petit, Laird, & A Marsden ( 2010 ) , inaccuracy of theoretical accounts can be the consequence of holding an uncomplete cognition about the importance of wholes being the same when compared to fractions.Consequences did non bespeak a distinguishable difference in fractional job work outing utilizing representations between 7th and 9th graders. Most 7th and 9th class pupils are able to utilize representations when work outing fractions. However, consequences indicate that some pupils demonstrate a deficiency of apprehension of fractional cognition. This is peculiarly concerning, given that pupils begin working on fractions in the first class and should depart down to develop an apprehension of fractions in the 3rd class. Students who are unable to utilize fractions to stand for Numberss equal to, less than, and greater than one and work out jobs that involve comparing fractions by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts and schemes lack a conceptual apprehension of fractions that will go on to impede their numerical abilities as they are introduced to more complex math accomplishments.

Poetry Analysis of “Introduction to Poetry” Essay

The Poem Introduction to Poetry is by Billy Collins, an English poet, and it is abtaboo how teachers often force students to over-analyze poetry and to try describe every possible meaning portrayed through emerge the song rather than allowing the students to form their own interpretation of the verse based on their own experiences. end-to-end the poem, a number of literary devices are used. For example or press an ear against its hive. utilise this metaphor, Billy Collins is comparing the body of a poem to the hive of a bee. The hive of a bee appears to be something dangerous and unknown, just like a new poem, never before seen, with which one is unfamiliar. Using this metaphor, Billy Collins is suggesting that one should get an susceptibility of the poem by reading it just as one would get a sense of energy by pressing ones ear to a hive of a bee. The nature of a bee is particularly busy and bees are creatures that seem to be constantly on the go.In this way, Billy Collins is s uggesting that whilst the ratifier is digesting the poem, he or she should constantly be feeling the poem and be busily analyzing it. By comparing the poem to a hive, he is also saying that, like a hive, a poem is full of intense life. The characteristics shared by two the two metaphoric images are very similar, thus, it is an effective comparison. The poem is effectively personified once again through the lines or walk inside a poems room.Here, Billy Collins suggests that the poems room, in other word, its body or what the poem contains, like a room of a person, defines the poem. One can learn a lot about a nonher by viewing his or her room. Like a room too, which is private and should not be invaded, one should not invade a poem in the sense that one should not analyze it too heavily. Another effective metaphor, I want them to water-ski across the surface of the poem is used in this poem.Billy Collins is comparing water-skiing across the surface of the water to the way in which he believes poems should be read which is gently and merely on the surface. This is an effective metaphor as water-skiing brings about a great sense of wallow and is fun, just as reading a poem in Billy Collins opinion should be. The use of echolike devices and onomatopoeic words are lush in this poem. For instance, I say drop a mouse into a poem is a line whereby the word drop, a very onomatopoeic word, effectively suggests that the reader of a poem must gently analyze a poem.This is portrayed through the gentle p sound of the word and this is and then effective as the reader gets a sense of the gentleness Billy Collins wishes his readers had when it comes to analyzing poetry. The fact that enjambment is used throughout the poem such as in the lines, like a colour slide or press an ear against its hive portrays a lack of structure and therefore emphasizes the initial cheer one feels when reading a poem before the chore of analyzing it begins.This is also emphasized through t he fact that the poem is a free verse poem. The poem suddenly becomes much darker in the last stanza and a Billy Collins explains how teachers, students or general readers of poetry torture a poem by macrocosm what he believes is cruelly analytical. He says, all they want to do is tie the poem to a chair with rope and torture a confession out of it. Here, the poem is being personified yet again and this brings about an closely human connection between the reader and the poem.This use of personification is effective as it makes the reader feel somewhat guilty for over-analyzing a poem. This line is also a metaphor. The way in which one analyzes a poem is being compared to a victim being tied down to a chair and having a confession tortured out of them. This metaphor is effective as, like a rope immobilise down a person would be very restrictive, over-analyzing a poem narrows the focus and constricts it from simply allowing it to be.They begin beating it with a irrigate to find o ut what it really means. This is a continuation of the metaphor and is highly effective as it strongly portrays a sense of inhumanity through the choice of hose as an object with which to torture as opposed to a typical weapon. One can just imagine how painful this would be and again, forces the reader to almost empathize with the poem. The poem sends a powerful message to its readers and is significantly clear in its message to not delve too deep into the message of a poem.

Case Study: Decision Making Based on Mission & Vision of Organization Essay

In this case study, Community Medical Center has a strong reputation for quality of checkup care. The chair of CMC has the difficult position of making a crucial decision that will impact his licensed and unlicensed staff, patients and the community at large. This short try will address the possible vision and mission of CMC that will place the president in his decision about the case study of an operating room who may have HIV/AIDS.This paper will also discuss the presidents decision and how he will communicate it to the physicians, employees, and the public. Mission and romance of Community Medical CenterCMC is a fairly large hospital which offers various services and had more than fifty surgeons on staff. It has a large clinical staff in various departments. The other nearest hospital is located in another city. CMC has a good reputation over the past decades. The president of CMC has a several issues of which he needs to make decisions on. The header of mental process and about fifty other surgeons are threatening to leave along with their patients, to a rival hospital in another city, if the OR nurse is not relieved of his duties. If this happens revenue will be impacted along with lay-offs and services the make could be millions of dollars.The president will definitely need to communicate with not only the surgeons but also the governing board (i. e. board of directors), humanity resources, chief financial officer, and public affairs. The president will need to remind and commend his staff of the fact that CMC has a strong reputation for quality of medical care, a large staff of surgeons, clinical departments, and a governing board during the past decades. He will need to remind his staff on some vegetable marrow values such creation respectful by communicating authentically, trusting each other, and honor the efforts of all team members.He should also remind them of being ethical by demonstrating integrity and loyalty with the highest regard for confidentiality (CMC, 2011). hot seats Dilemma He definitely does not want to lose the chief of surgery and the majority of his surgeons. The president surely does not want a federal suit on his hands, at the suggestion of the OR nurses attorney. He also needs to address the issue of confidentiality and the leak from within the organization. There is also the issue of the media and the wording of his press release. Presidents Decision Firstly, the President of CMC will have to confirm if the OR nurse in fact has HIV/AIDS.Then it would be best for him to meet and communicate with the governing board, human resources and public affairs to see what the procedures and protocols along with the core values of the organization are (willful choice models). This should reveal whether the surgeons can leave with or without repercussions (i. e. violations of contract). An article in Todays Hospitalist states that physicians very rarely follow through with their threats to quit. Furthermor e, that these threats just creates problems (Doyle, 2011). The P&Ps should also reveal the steps to be interpreted in labor dispute issues, and media concerns.This will aid the president on how to handle the OR nurses impending suit. If he isnt mindful of the Americans with Disabilities Act (adenosine deaminase), he may want to review this or ask his human resource department about it. He should also use ADA information such as the fact the HIV/AIDS can only be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected individual, picture show to infected blood, or blood products. Communicating this information to his staff may ease or erase their worries (ADA HIV Q & A). It will also help guide him in how to deal with the problem of the leak to the media.At this point, the president can relay to his staff the importance of confidentiality, and respect, and accountability. He will probably need to pursue the help of his public affairs, or media and advertising departments with the issue of the leak. The reality-based or garbage can models will help the president in finding system of logic and order in the midst of decision-making chaos. There is ambiguity, uncertainty, and preferences of those involved. Therefore the president will need to be able to provide knowledge on HIV/ back up to his staff, answers their questions about HIV/AIDS based on available information/data.He must be able to communicate this to his staff thoroughly and convincingly. The triangulation mode is a more thorough and would probably be the best route for the president of CMC. This would be a combination of the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Here, small groups of hatful can present or suggest possible solutions which can be analyzed quantitatively. The president can then draw from this information and makes his decision. It is good work out for resolving (resolutions in reality-based models) resolutions.

Doctrine of sin

Possibly, Adam and eventide could ommunicate with animals, further again that is pure speculation. Satan begins the temptation with a question, Hath divinity fudge not give tongue to Ye shall no eat of each tree of the tend? (Gen. 3 1) This is the way of Satan to bring into question what God has plainly stated. It is actually bringing God Himself into question. To question God is call forth that God could be wrong, or have some deplorable reason for what He says. Eves response was to correct Satans question, by stating that she and Adam could eat of all the trees of the garden except the one tree called the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.Eve goes on further to say they could not eat or touch it lest they die. God had said in Genesis 217, that they should not eat it. God did not say anything about touching it. This addition to what God had said seems to indicate that Eve resented the fact of God prohibition not to eat of that particular tree. On the other hand, it coul d mean that she was indicating her understanding that God did not want them to have anything to do with this tree. God said not to eat the proceeds she concluded she shouldnt even touch it. Eve then allowed herself to be deceived in three atomic number 18as.First, Eve precept the fruit was good for food, appealing to the flesh and bodily senses. Second, She saw it was pretty, appealing to the emotions, and third, it appealed to her mind and intellect, in that she wanted to be wise. Eve then proceeded to give the fruit to Adam, and he ate the fruit. Genesis 37 states that after Adam sinned, both their eyes were opened and they saw themselves as naked and they became ashamed. They had submitted to temptation, they had been plunged down into the depths of destruction. What an fantastic realization it must have been. What emptiness and depths of shame they must have felt.Basic Words of Sin Ryrie stated in his book Basic Theology that there are eight radical terminology for sin in the Old testament I will go through a excogitate study of the basic haggle of sin. Chata is the basic intelligence information for sin its basic meaning of sin is missing the mark. Its also correspondent to the Greek formulate hamartano. Chata is seen in the Old Testament 522 times. Ra is another word used in the Old Testament it was use about 444 times. Its equivalent to the words kakos and poneros. The basic meaning of Ra is good luck up or ruin, it has also been translated to the word wicked, and it often operator calamities.The basic meaning of Pasha is to rebel it is often translated to transgression. The word Awon is often used in connection with suffering and servant, and with defiant sin. It also includes the ideas of guilt and iniquity. Shagag sum err or go astray. It calls an account to the error as the one committing the error to be responsible. The word Asham was found many times in connection with the ritual of the tabernacale, the main idea is the guil t betor e God. It includes botn intentional and unintentional guilt, because it entitles the guilt and sin offerings.Rasha was a word that was not sed as much before the Exile, it means to be wicked. The last word Taah means to go astray or wander away. Taah means the sin is deliberate, and it was not accidental, even if the person might not realize it. Ryrie made a few things clear in his word study of the words from the New Testament. First sin comes in many different forms. Secondly sin is and will always be disobedient to God. Lastly, Ryrie states that disobedience involved both positive and negative ideas, the emphasis is on the positive commission of wrong and not merely on the negative omission of good.Basically Sin was not only missing the mark, but also hitting the wrong mark. Their twelve basic words of sin displayed in the New Testament I will put up a word study from the different definitions given in Basic Theology by Ryrie. The word Kakos means bad, it can be used for physic al badness, but it usually indicates moral badness. The word Poneros is a term that means evil, and mostly always implies moral evil. Asebes is a word that means godless it appears with other words that mean sin. Enochos is a word that means guilty, it also means that there crime was punishable by death.Hamartia was a word that was used at least 227 times in the New Testament It was used in many different forms. It was said to use the same representation as the statement from the word study in the Old Testament, missing the mark. As well as having that negative idea, it proposes the good idea of hitting the wrong mark. Adikia means any unworthy conduct, its mainly used in the context of unsaved people. Anomos is a word that means lawless, or basically breaking the law. It can also be translated to iniquity. The word Parabates means transgressor, it usually relates to violations of the law.When referring to ignorant worship, or worshiping something or someone other then the true God , its called Agnoein. The word Planao means to go astray. Paraptoma is a word that means to fall away, and is commonly seen to be deliberate. The last word is Hypocrisis, it has three ideas that help demonstrate its meaning. The first idea is interpret falsely, the second idea is to pretend standardised and actor does, and the last one is to follow an interpretation that you already know is false. Ryrie pointed at three assumptions that can be taken from the new testament word study.The first one is when a sin is ommitted there is always a pure standard, the second is that most sin is a direct rebellion against God as well as offense against his standards, and mans responsibility is specific and is understood. Character of Sin Some people think of sin as simply doing evil acts. 0 But sin is an inherent inward disposition inclining us to do wrong. (Alan Jacobs) Sin is a state of existence original sin. 0Original sin represents the sinful sta

Realistic Characteristics of Life in the Iron Mills Essay

Davis narrates the story with as much irony as she situates her story close to a nineteenth century factory where her characters were once employed, more importantly, where her male character, Hugh Wolfe who used to live in her home, a lowly Welsh immigrant who arrests comfort working for an Iron Mill along with him Deboraha pathetic, grotesque woman deprived of everything that the word beautiful stands for.Their tale is set in the city of Wheeling, Virginia where it is portrayed in a gloomy state, perhaps the fancy of uneducated men and women that paced back and forth set up a negative feeling, the text You may pick the Welsh emigrants, Cornish miners, out of the compact passing the windows, any day. They are a trifle more filthy their muscles are not so brawny, they stoop more. When they are drunk, they neither yell, nor shout, nor stagger, but mill around along same(p) beaten hounds. (Davis, Rebecca Harding. Copyright 1861. Life in the Iron Mills) describes the immigrants as shortsightedly as they are deprived of any enlighten of luxury for the reason that in this time period the type of class you are in defines how other people should look at you, how they treat you, or even how you should live you brio, your limitations. Only three people seem to symbolize the head, the spirit, and the pocket of the middle-class Kirby, Mitchell, and Doctor May.Kirbybeing one of the mill owners is the source of abusiveness to the poor workers, Mitchellbeing the constant joker, a sarcastic bastard who toyed with Wolfes feelings, and Doctor May whom Wolfe trusts despite her lack of will to heal Wolfes misery. Denied of free will, central characters Deborah and Hugh could never really make a choice especially when it came for Hugh to decide if he should return the stolen bullion or continue to live in guilt. spinal column then, hardly does anyone reflect about the wellbeing of other people, alas, when the authorities finally jailed Hugh for his sin it was too late for him to repent for his immorality. Power is symbolized through money and how it separates the upper class from the lower class. It gives the wealthy a place of authority and destroys the unfortunate. Before Hugh committed suicide, he and Deborah spoke one last of their unidealized accent, It is best, Deb. I cannot confine to be hurted any more. Hur knows, she said, humbly.Tell my father good-by andand kiss little Janey. (Davis, Rebecca Harding. Copyright 1861. Life in the Iron Mills) which, despite its unconventional tongue, seems to enounce more than how it is read as, simply by saying farewell to Wolfes family. Sentimental Characteristics of Life in the Iron Mills In this context, in the middle of all the autocracy and injustice the workers only hope for survival is food. Yet the hunger that is often mentioned in the story is not drawn to food whole but to the workers hunger for better lives.His words passed far over the furnace tenders grasp, toned to suit another class o f refinement they sounded in his ears a very pleasant song in an unknown tongue (85). Davis suggests, in this text, that faith and hope are essential for these people to find happiness. Hugh Wolfe yearns to have a better life so he goes to church and pray for divine providence, yet when he hears the sermon it seemed to him that beau ideal only cared for the privileged. Yet, moreover contemptuous their lives may be and even though Wolfe decided to end his life in the end, certain occurrences have proved worthy of optimism.After Wolfe was buried, it seems that in that location is still hope for Deborah, as the text goes, As the evening wore on, she leaned against the iron bars, aspect at the hills that rose far off, through the thick sodden clouds, like a bright, unattainable calm. As she looked, a shadow of their solemn repose fell on her face its fierce discontent faded into a pitiful, dishonor quiet. Slow, solemn tears gathered in her eyes the poor weak eyes turned so hopeles sly to the place where Hugh was to rest, the grave heights looking higher and brighter and more solemn than ever before.The Quaker watched her keenly. She came to her at last, and touched her arm. When thee comes back, she said, in a low, sorrowful tone, like one who speaks from a strong heart deeply moved with remorse or pity, thee shall begin thy life again,there on the hills. I came too late but not for thee,by Gods help, it may be. (Davis, Rebecca Harding. Copyright 1861. Life in the Iron Mills) this gives their ending a clearer view of Deborah may have wanted to live her life next after the treacherous event. With hope and the will to step forward and rise.

Engage in Personal Development in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young Peoples Setting

As a childminder I have a duty to be registered and inspected with Ofsted. This ensures that I am working to the high quality and measuring as required by Ofsted and the Early Years Foundation Stage. It is my duty is to ensure that I provide consistently high levels of childcare, within a unspoilt, positive, perfervid and happy environment where children always feel welcome. I have a duty to plan supervised activities for the children, to enable them to learn and develop at their cause pace within the EYFS as appropriate for their individual age groups.I am also responsible for completion of all relevant paperwork adhering to guidelines to keep constant construction of my childminding practice and implementing any additional requirements as they occur. It is paramount to my childminding practice to continue to perform all of these duties to give parents peace of mind that their child/children are receiving the subdue level of care and support to flourish in their own individua l learning.To promote and maintain high levels of professionalism whilst carrying out my work. To ensure I provide a safe environment for the children at all times.To carry out risk assessments on areas used for childminding within my home and garden area, and also of any places regularly visited and review these on a regular basis. To implement and update policies and procedures keeping in line with Ofsteds guidance. Prepare and provide healthy balanced meals for children whilst be aware of any childs individual dietary requirements. To maintain discipline of all children within my care encouraging positive behaviour at all times. To build and maintain good relationships with any people involved with the childrens lives, parents/teachers/social workers etc.I must be aware of any signs and symptoms of potential deprave and the current legislative procedures for reporting it. I need to be taking children in my care to childminding groups and playgroups to furnish them interaction with other children. I must make, maintain and implement plans covering long-term, medium-term and short-term to offer varied activities to stimulate childrens learning in different areas. I am required to make observations of children in my care to allow a picture to build on their learning abilities to assist in my planning of activities and to highlight any areas of difficulty children maybe experiencing to allow help to be sort as required. Mainly responsible for giving children within my care the best possible environment for them to thrive and feel safe whilst away from their carers/parents.1.2 Complete the table below describing how the relevant standards apply to your role Relevant Standards Expectations of your own work role EYFSNational Minimum Standards for Regulated Childcare (Wales)National occupational StandardsJob DescriptionCommon CoreCode of Conduct

TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB

The importance of counseling for the resurgence of a society can non be denied. Harmonizing to Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, the preparation of a human head is uncomplete with disclose way, as education contributes a batch in doing adult male a right mind. ( Khan, 2010 ) piece of music doing determinations for the engage of instructors, the policy shapers and educational decision makers considers several factors. The entire ikon of instructors required in a soil or metropolis or shrimpy town depends upon the registration of pupils in schools and colleges, the rate of instructors retirement and bend over and the coveted teacher-student ratios required in that country. Harmonizing to Yasin, factors such(prenominal) as high in-migration rank within a population or policies on cut downing category size at any rate contribute to the require for new instructors. ( Yasin, 1998 )The present explore is more or less the requisite and allow for of instructors at utility(prenomi nal) school and college degree in Punjab. The interrogation analyzes that whether the instruction section of Punjab has been able to supply pure tone instruction and fulfilled the get of instructors in schools and colleges particularly in rude countries. The present research besides analyzes the initiative of the present government for change overing Urdu long suit schools into slope Medium and its relation to the demand and supply of instructors.Statement of the ProblemMeeting the demand of providing able instructors to secondary schools and college degree in Punjab is inherent for go bading the theatrical role of instruction in these schools and colleges. These schools and colleges particularly the regimen establishments depend upon the instruction section for bettering the quality of instruction and for the proviso of master and capable instructors. The rural countries need particular attending from the instruction section to better the quality of instruction. The rural countries frequently miss competent instructors due to the fixture, low lease and fewer installations. Teachers oscillate from learning in such countries. The present regime s enterprise of change overing Urdu Medium schools to position Medium has posed a new challenge for these schools. This research analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab and provides possible solution for making balance amid demand and supply of instructors in Punjab.1.2 Purpose of the StudyThe intent of the survey is to research the balance between demand and supply of instructors in the secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes assorted grounds which lead to the demand of instructors in schools and colleges. The research provides a feasible solution for exert outing the commercial enterprise of quality instruction and make fulling the vacancies of qualified instructors in schools and colleges of Pakistan. The paper besides asses ses that whether the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has posed the demand for demand of the competent instructors.Scope of the ResearchThe present research is an extended survey on the demand and supply of qualified instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. The research covers the demands and demands of the schools and colleges in rural and urban countries for make fulling the spread of quality instruction and jobs facial gestured by schools and colleges in the employment of competent instructors. The research besides analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium schools.1.4 Importance of the ResearchThis research would turn out to be an extended survey on solutions required for making balance between the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. It has analyzed the demands of the schools and colleges particularly that of rural countries in su pply competent instructors to them. The research has besides emphasized the demand of competent instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium.1.5 Justification of the ResearchThe subject of the research is appropriate, as ask oning research on the demand and supply of instructors has revealed recyclable facts related to the proviso of quality instruction to pupils at secondary and college degree. This research would be utile in long tally as it has provided solutions for get the better ofing the supply of competent instructors in Punjab.HypothesisRural and hapless communities in Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. They face extra challenges such as retaining of instructors, who may be attracted to the higher wages which atomic number 18 offered to them in metropoliss. The supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for instructors, the supply of instructors must go on to inc rease. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it depends upon the local population growing, instructors retirements and bend over, in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and affairal instructors in these schools have increased.Literature ReviewAcademic ReviewsHarmonizing to Goel, A adult male becomes a rational animate being when he becomes educated. ( Goel, 2007 ) instruction is indispensable for the moral and learning developments of worlds. It contributes to the national economic growing and poorness decrease. The population of Punjab histories for 60 % population of Pakistan. ( Sayed, 2007 ) There are about 64,000 educational institutes in Punjab, out of which 44,000 are primary schools. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are over 500,000 employees in these institutes, out of which 350,000 are instructors. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are about 1 1 million registrations in these institutes. ( Sayed, 2005 ) Harmonizing to magic trick Wall, Country Director of World Bank Improvements in instruction results in Punjab have the possible for country-wide impact. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) Decrease in poorness can be achieved by turn toing the root cause of poorness, that is deficiency of instruction and accomplishments.Harmonizing to a World Bank study, the quality of instruction provided by the populace sector in Pakistan is in truth low. This is due to low competence of instructors, deficiency of quality text editions and larning stuffs, deficiency of classroom-based support for instructors, deficiency of the appraisal of pupils, hapless supervising and hapless sector judicial system and direction. ( World Bank, Third Punjab Education 2006 ) . In rural countries, there is deficiency of qualified instructors, as they hesitate to work due to legion grounds such as deficiency of motive, low wages, deficiency of installations i n schools and hapless on the job conditions.In 2003, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Program ( PESRP ) was launched for the intent of bettering quality, memory access and administration in the instruction sector of Punjab. This plan comprised of supply-side enterprises including upgrading of schools and make fulling vacancies of instructors. A take care of reforms affecting instructors enlist, professional development of instructors, production of text editions and betterment in the scrutiny system were implemented. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) With the support of UNICEF and the National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) , PESRP has given high precedence to instructors in its new reform programme. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) In redact to run into the billowing demand of instructors, about 50,000 instructors have been hired since 2003. About 100,000 instructors have been trained through refresher classs in child-centered instruction patterns. ( McCutcheon, 2007 )The authorities has interpreted effectual steps to better the quality of instruction in Punjab. The EFA ( Education for All ) National Plan of Action ( NPA ) 2015 figures out legion issues sing instructor supply, preparation and Supervision. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) The NPA emphasizes the demand for 118,000 instructors up to 2015 in parade to run into the Universal Primary Education marks. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) There is deficiency of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab due to decelerate replacement of retired instructors, less figure of instructors in primary schools and fewer instructors are recruited on lasting cornerstone. The EFA NPA has suggested relaxation of makings for instructors in rural countries and for supplying specific inducements to them in order to make full the spread of instructors. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) By supplying in-service preparation to instructors, the quality of instruction will greatly better in these schools and colleges. The authorities is set uping passe-partout Development centres for the quality preparation of instructors.The authorities of Pakistan has converted all Urdu Medium schools in Punjab to English Medium schools. With this enterprise, the differentiation between two categories of instruction has been removed. This enterprise has chiefly being taken for viing with the globalized universe in the field of cognition. ( The News, 2010 ) The instructors of these schools have been provided developing through English Language classs. The preparation plans aims at bettering learning and English linguistic communicating accomplishments of the instructors. The instructors have besides been offered heavy earnings bundles. ( The News, 2010 ) The transition of schools has raised more demand for the supply of professional and competent instructors.The academic brushup has shown that the supply of instructors has grown over the past 10 old ages, but due to the uninterrupted addition in demand of instructors particularly in rural countries, the supply of instructors must go on to increase for the following decennary.1.8 Methodology1.8.1 ApproachThe research comprises of both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. The research has gathered information with respect, but non confine to the followers Analysis of the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab.Problems faced by the instruction section in providing competent instructors to schools and colleges in Punjab.Problems faced by schools and colleges particularly in rural countries to make full the spread of quality instruction and to enroll competent instructors.Possible solutions for get bying with the demand of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab.The Qualitative methodo analytical analysis in the present research involves both primary every bit wide-cut as secondary counterbalances. Primary beginning involves study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . Unstructured interview was conducted from 9 spinning top directors of PEAS. Unstructured Interviews are utile for in-depth study, as inquiries can be changed or adapted in order to run into the respondent s intelligence, understanding or belief. ( The Psychology Wiki, 2010 ) Burns and Grove defines qualitative research as The logical thinking procedure used in qualitative research involves perceptually seting pieces together to do wholes. From this procedure, significance is produced. However, because perceptual experience varies with the person, many different significances are possible. ( Burns, Grove, 1993 ) . Data is normally gathered through less structured research instruments in qualitative research. Secondary beginning in the present research comprises of brushup of books, diaries, articles, periodicals, current event intelligence, tissue stuff, etc.Quantitative research has been used by the research worker for deriving firsthand cognition about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. Harmonizing to Andrew S anchez, Quantitative research generates statistics through the usage of large-scale study research, utilizing methods such as questionnaires or interviews . ( Sanchez, 2005 ) purposive Sampling method had been used for choosing the sample. It uses a specific pre-defined group and does non affect random trying. Purposive Sampling method is a non-probability sampling method which is elect with a intent in head. ( William, 2006 ) . The sample of the choice of 9 top directors from PEAS is rather appropriate for obtaining information about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school degree and colleges in Punjab.Keeping in position the above mentioned definitions and accounts, it can be concluded that the usage of qualitative every bit good as quantitative methods for this research has been justified. These methods have provided elaborate survey of the research subject and have assisted in clear uping all issues related to the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab.1.8.2 Data Gathering MethodThe research involved aggregation of informations through primary and secondary beginnings, that is direct and verifying observation. Direct observation involved study of PEAS Department for obtaining positions of 9 top directors of the section. Indirect observation involved reappraisal of secondary beginnings such as books, diaries, articles, web stuffs, etc.1.8.3 Originality and Limitations of the DataValidity and singularity of the informations are guaranteed maculation capturing informations and executing analysis. The research emphasizes on the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab and make fulling the spread of quality instruction in these schools and colleges. As the cogency of the information is dependent upon the efficiency of the research worker, the research worker has been careful in maintaining the cogency of the informations during informations aggregation, analysis and while p ulling decisions. Ethical issues are considered during the research procedure. In order to avoid disagreements, careful survey and analysis have been done. Data is limited to the subjects mentioned above.1.8.4 Research QuestionsThe study research inquiries of the present survey are as follows Is the instruction section of Punjab run intoing the demands of the demand of instructors at secondary school and college degree?How choice instruction can be provided to secondary school and college pupils in Punjab?Has the instruction section of Punjab taken stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction in schools and colleges?argon schools and colleges in rural countries confronting jobs of supply of instructors?With the transition of Urdu Medium schools to English Medium, are these schools confronting the job of demand of competent instructors?Factual PositionPresently the schools and colleges of Punjab state are confronting a shortfall in the supply of qualified and competent instructors particularly in rural countries. Teachers lack motive for traveling to rural countries due to low wage, backward location and deficiency of installations in these schools. As a consequence of this, the demand of instructors in rural countries has extremely increased. The deficiency of competent instructors is besides due to decelerate surrogate of retired instructors and enlisting of instructors on impermanent footing. The determination of authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has besides posed a demand for the enlisting of qualified and professional instructors. The authorities is taking stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction and qualified instructors. This has been done by enrolling qualified instructors, increasing the wage of bing instructors and by increasing the accomplishments of the instructors through refresher classs in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments and English Language accomplishments .Section 2 Situation AnalysisIn this subdivision, the research worker analyzes the informations obtained from the study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . The study involved aggregation of informations through direct observation, i.e interview. A sample size of 9 top directors of PEAS was selected for interview. Unstructured interviews were carried out from the top directors. The sentiment and positions of the directors have been obtained related to the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. Facts extracted from the interviews have been analyzed to obtain the findings.2.1 Opinions and positions of top directors about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab2.1.1 Quality of instruction at authorities and private schools97 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that the quality of instruction provided to pupils of authorities schools is non satisfactory. These schools lack competent in structors, educational stuff and installations. The conditions of schools in rural countries are worst. Many schools have been closed in rural countries as these schools lack competent instructors and basic installations. However, the quality of instruction at private schools is satisfactory. These schools have qualified and competent instructors.Figure 1 Opinion of top director of PEAS about the quality of instruction in schools of rural countries2.1.2 Causes of famine of instructors in rural countries95 % of the top directors believed that instructors hesitate to work in rural countries due to hapless on the job conditions and low wages. The top direction suggested that instructors can be motivated to work in rural countries by increasing the wages of bing instructors, supplying good salary bundles to the new instructors and by supplying text editions and basic installations to these schools. Teachers should be recruited on lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing. If t he instructors are provided inducements and good wage bundles they will be able to execute their strains in these countries.2.1.3 Performance of authorities and private colleges98 % of the top directors of PEAS believed that every bit compared to the authorities schools, the public presentation of authorities colleges in urban countries is satisfactory. The authorities colleges have competent and qualified instructors in urban countries. However, the colleges in rural countries lack competent instructors.Figure 2 Opinion of pass by Directors of PEAS Regarding Quality of Education and Competent Teachers in Government Colleges in Urban Areas2.1.4 Major ground behind deficiency of instructors90 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that deficiency of instructors is besides due to the fact that most people do non fall in the profession of learning as they consider it a low paid and an substandard occupation. Some people merely fall in this profession as a last resort. As a conseque nce of this, they lack motive to carry through their duties. When they find any good chance, they leave the instruction profession.2.1.5 Carry throughing the spread of quality instruction in freshly converted English Medium schoolsWhen the positions of the top directors were taken sing the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium, all of them agreed that it is a good enterprise from the authorities for taking the differentiation between two categories of instruction. Students analyzing in Urdu Medium schools are frequently considered as inferior to English Medium. Furthermore, when these pupils reach higher categories, they face trouble in understanding scientific discipline topics. The top directors believed that the spread of quality instruction in these schools can be fulfilled by supplying instruction and English linguistic communication accomplishments to the instructors through on-the-job preparation. This spread can besides be filled by enrolling competent instru ctors on lasting footing.2.2 FindingssThe findings of the study are in unvarying with that of literature reappraisal, as it has shown that rural schools and colleges of Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. The status of authorities colleges in urban countries is rather satisfactory as these schools have competent instructors. The demand for the supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for a big figure of instructors, the supply of competent instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it may depends upon the local population growing, instructors retirements, instructors turnover rate, instructors in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have greatly increased.Section 3 Decision and Recomm endations3.1 DecisionThe demand and supply of instructors can be balanced if the Numberss of vacancies of instructors are filled in by the figure of instructors needed to make full these places. The rural schools and colleges of Pakistan are confronting the deficit of the supply of qualified and competent instructors. These educational institutes besides lack basic installations and educational stuff. Teachers hesitate to work in rural countries due to low wage and hapless on the job conditions. There is besides deficit of instructors due to the fact that the profession of instruction is considered as a low paid and inferior occupation. Peoples merely fall in this profession as a last resort. On the occupation preparation is besides required for the instructors to heighten their instruction accomplishments. With the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium schools, the demand for qualified and competent instructors has risen. There is demand for enlisting of professiona l and qualified instructors in order to raise the quality of instruction in schools and colleges particularly authorities schools and colleges in rural countries. With the uninterrupted addition in the population and accent of the authorities on instruction, the demand for supply of more instructors will farther increase.3.2 RecommendationsBased upon qualitative and quantitative analysis following recommendations have been suggestedIn order to actuate instructors, they should be provided good wage bundles and other inducements.Teachers should be recruited on a lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing in authorities schools and colleges.The position of instructors demands to be raised in the society, as instruction should non be considered as an inferior occupation.Teachers working in rural countries should be provided particular salary bundles and inducements.Teachers need on-the-job preparation in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments.The instructors of the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted into English Medium schools inescapably to be trained in English linguistic communication accomplishments. There is besides demand for enlisting of competent instructors in these schools.

Immortality

Possibly one of the greatest happen uponments in life is to shoot immortality. Gener completelyy, immortality means be able to have eternal life or sustain life for an infinite amount of time. However, for a lot of people, the word can have different meanings if it is viewed from various perspectives.For sol mutterrs or heroes of war, the only means to attain immortality is through fighting in the battlefield. However, contrary to the purpose of immortality which is to sustain life, for soldiers or heroes of war, death is an another(prenominal) way to become immortal. Basically, more than receiving honor and glory after a battle or a war, it is too important for soldiers to be remembered.And for some, the best way to do this is to die honorably. Dying in the battlefield makes soldiers heroes around instantaneously as they are given medals and other posthumous recognitions. Although they are no longer alive, the label and accomplishments of the soldiers who die valiantly and h onorably are always glorified and in effect, this makes them immortal. In other words, soldiers who die in battle become immortal as their names are forever imprinted in history.On the other hand, other people believe that immortality can only be attained if they remain new-fangled. In this aspect, the concept is that if one stays young, he or she will not acquire age-related diseases or sicknesses which could throw his or her death. While in that respect are a lot of methods and ideas being used to preserve ones youthfulness, most of them only have temporary effects. For example, one of the most conventional methods to stay young is exercising as studies show that this promotes near circulation of the blood in the body which subsequently results in good health. Although this method does not make a person immortal, it sustains his or youth for a short result of time.However, past from conventional methods, some people believe that one way to attain immortality is through unr eal or magical means. One example is the legendary fountain of youth which is a spring that restores the youth of any person who drinks from it and is believed to be located in Florida. While modern day society has discharged the existence of this fountain, certain people still believe in its youth-restoring effects and even drank the water themselves.Moreover, correspond to the basic concepts of most religions, people are immortal as they possess in them souls or spirits, which neer cease to exist. For example, in Buddhism, one of the strongest beliefs is that people go through a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Although Buddhists believe that there is no such a thing as an eternal soul, they still believe that after biologic death, a person will still continue to live and attain eternal happiness. On the other hand, in Christianity, the strongest belief regarding immortality is that everyone who dies will eventually be resurrected depending on the Final Judgment of God. Bas ed on this belief, those who are born again after the Final Judgment will live forever or attain immortality.However, for other people, one sure way to attain immortality is to publish a book. Whether its a novel, an autobiography, a reference material, the authors of these books can attain immortality as their thoughts and ideas are printed and read by people from all over the sphere. Even if these authors die, they will still continue to live on through their ideas and stories that have been produce in their respective books.Furthermore, for some people, attaining immortality is only if being the first in accomplishing extra fair feats. For example, Edmund Hilary, who recently died cod to a heart attack, became immortal because he was the first to successfully climb Mount Everest. In reality, Hilary was an ordinary person. However, since he was the first to conquer the worlds tallest mountain, he was able to imprint his name in history books and attain immortality.Another venu e to attain immorality is sports. In the world of basketball, Michael Jordan was able to achieve immortal status by being named the greatest basketball player of all time by the National Basket Association (NBA). Aside from his legendary stint in the NBA, Jordan has also become a highly successful brand name. Up to his day, kids and even professional basketball players from all over the world continue to idolize Jordan, which further solidifies his immortality.Furthermore, in sports, height is also another way of attaining immortality. In basketball, aside from his superb talents and numerous accomplishments, Magic Johnson is also remembered as the tallest point guard to ever play the game. On the other hand, Shawn Bradley is the tallest player to every play the game. Although in terms of accomplishments, Johnson outweighs Bradley, both their names are already imprinted in history books simply because of their heights.In this regard, fame is also another way of attaining immortality . Like in the fictitious character of Jordan, famous people such as rock stars, professional athletes, and actors, among others, are able to attain immortality by simply showcasing their skills and talents in their respective fields or specialties.However, for some, immortality is attained by simple passing on objects, lessons, and other things to younger generations. For example, a father has already attained immortality if he is able to pass on good values to his children, who in turn, pass on the lessons they have learned to their children. Even if the father dies, he will continue to live on through the lessons that he has passed on to his children.In short, immortality is not simply through prolonging life. It can also be achieved if one passes on memories, legacies, and lessons to future generations.

Will Biofuels Solve Global Warming

Will Biofuels solve planetary warming? Global warming is cause by greenhouse gasses these trap heat in the earths atmosphere that should escape from the earth. Global warming is causing sea levels to rise and ice caps to melt this could trail to coastal cities flooding, droughts in beas which usually get rain and less crops to list lone(prenominal) a few affects. The cause of ball-shaped warming is greenhouse gasses these gasses include nitrous oxide carbon dioxide and urine vapour.Cars produce CO2, H20 and trace amounts of nitrogen oxide all greenhouse gases, with the amount of cars on the road surpassing the 1 billion mark in 2010 according to Wards Auto with the average car realising 7 tons of CO2 each year it is easy to see why cars are one of the biggest contributors to global warming, producing energy for factories to work also produces harmful gases one solution to this problem is Biofuels. Biofuels is the term given to documentation or recently living biological mater ial which can be used to fuel cars and other(a) forms of transport they can be derived from any Biomass include animal waste products.Also read What alone(predicate) Challenges Do Aquatic Plants Face That Terrestrial Plants Do NotOne of the main advantages of Biofuels is that they are almost carbon objective when a crop is bring forthing it performs photosynthesis to create sugars and other organic compounds that provide energy during this process plants take in CO2 when these crops are turned into Biofuels and burned this CO2 is realised back into the atmosphere as no much CO2 has been added it is carbon neutral however some CO2 is produced in transporting these crops and tour them into Biofuels so they are not completely carbon neutral.Unlike fossil fuels such as petrol Biofuels are a renewable energy source this means they will not run out as crops can be grown back relatively quickly. Biofuels can be created anywhere in the gentleman meaning it is accessible to many peop le. Biofuels are also cheaper to run than petrol or diesel with the hurt of petrol rising due to it depleting amount Biofuels are cheaper to attain. Other benefit of Biofuels is that they provide jobs and industry for many farmers all over the world.One popular type of Biofuel is Biodiesel which has many advantages * Simpler to make than other Biofuels such as ethanol * Burn up to 75% cleaner * Provide new source of income for farmers However Biofuels also gain their disadvantages one of the main problems is the unload needed to produce the crops. In the UK in 2010 71. 61 % of the UK land was used in agriculture this left around 28. 39 % of land for other uses, coming of the lack of land environmentalist worry that the habitat of any animals and wild plants creating the room to grow Biofuels.At this moment in meter Biofuels are not sustainable without affecting the price of food and production. Though Biofuels will give farmers more income however it will give farmer more incom e than growing crops does this leads to the danger of farmers stopping the growing of crops to grow Biofuels this could lead to less food production and ultimately starvation. Biodiesel also has disadvantages * sustainability depicted objects * Making biodiesel is not very efficacious Biodiesel cannot meet the demand of diesel.Biofuels are not the only alternative fuels Hydrogen fuel cells could also be used in cars to power them they are cleaner than most fuels. Electrical cars are also beget increasingly popular however unless the electricity is produced using Biofuels they can still be damaging on the environment. There is no definitive answer to Will Biofuels solve global warming as the issue we are in is far too complex for just one solution, Biofuels along with other renewable energy sources e. g. wind turbines and hydroelectric power would provide a more viable solution to global warming.

Genetic Counselor

Genetic Counselors ar professional who have completed a masters program in medical ancestrals and counseling skills. They then pass a certification exam administered by the Ameri eject Board of genetic science Counseling. Genetic counselors can help and inheritance patterns, suggest attempting, and lay out possible scenarios. They will exempt the meaning of the medical science involved, provide support, confirming a diagnosis in a psyche who has disease symptoms, and address any emotional issues raised by the results of the genetic scrutiny.Genetic Counseling is the process of evaluating family biography and medical records, ordering genetic tests, evaluating the results of this investigation, and helping parents understand and reach decisions about what to do next. Genetic test are done by analyzing small samples of blood or body tissues. The samples determine whether you, your partner, or your babies bestow genes from certain inherited disorders. It is very necessary for G enetic counselors to have have it awayledge of blood because it is important to know whether a disease can be prevented or treated if a gene alteration is found.In whatsoever cases, there is no treatment. But test results might help a mortal make bread and butter decisions, such as career choice, family planning or insurance coverage. A genetic counselor can provide information about the pros and cons of testing Once a soul decides to proceed with genetic testing, a medical geneticist, primary care doctor, specialist, or nurse practitioner can order the test. Genetic testing is often done as part of a genetic consultation. Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue.For example, a result called a buccal smear uses a small brush or cotton swab to arrest a sample of cells from the inside surface of the cheek. The sample is sent to a laboratory where technicians look for partic ularized changes in chromosomes, DNA, or proteins, depending on the suspected disorder. The laboratory reports the test results in writing to a persons doctor or genetic counselor. Newborn screening tests are done on a small blood sample, which is taken by pricking the babys heel. Unlike other types of genetic testing, a parent will usually only receive the result if it is positive.If the test result is positive, supernumerary testing is needed to determine whether the baby has a genetic disorder. Before a person has a genetic test, it is important that he or she understands the testing procedure, the benefits and limitations of the test, and the possible consequences of the test results. The process of educating a person about the test and obtaining permission is called informed consent. Work Cited http//www. enotes. com/genetic-counseling-reference/genetic-counseling-17201 Google search KidsHealth. org

Gap Within the Organization: a Case Study in Administrative Building

conference Gap at bottom the Organization A case break down in administrative building of SUST, Sylhet By Sato Barua Masters educatee Department of Public Administration SUST, Sylhet Introduction Organizational chat as a discipline grew tremendously over the 20th century, but accompanying that growth was a struggle to establish a throw identity of the field. Today scholars still continue to define and redefine the focus, boundaries and meter to come of the field (Thompkin & Wanka-Thibault, 2001).Why it is that brassal dialogue is such an interesting concept for inquiryers to study? Apparently, a great deal of the answer to this question s tiptop be plunge in the vastness chat has been re-vealed having for the success of organizations. Open chat has for example been found to be positively correlated with employees blessedness with the organization (Koike, Gudykunst, William, Lea & Ting-Toomey, 1989). talk is the glue that holds a nightclub together. The ability to communicate enables people to form and maintain personal relationships.And the quality of such relationships depends on the eagre of converse between the parties. Communication is the process of sharing ideas, discipline, and meanings with others in a particular time and place. Communication includes writing and talking, as rise up as communicatory talk (such as facial expressions, body language, or gestures), visual parley (the use of images or pictures, such as painting, photography, video or film) and electronic communication (teleph hotshot c eithers, electronic mail, cable television, or satellite broadcasts).Communication is a vital part of personal sprightliness and is withal substantial in handicraft, education, and any other situations where people encounter severally other (Encarta, 1998). A study was comed inside the organization to determine if thither was an intrinsic communication gap that existed between the executive programs and representatives. When there 1 is an intragroup communication gap within an organization there is usually a partitioning in the way development is been sent from the consigner to the upliftr. This is precedent in organizations that have a top down hierarchy.In this type of hierarchy it dirty dog be difficult for bottom take aim employees to obtain culture regarding changes within the organization. Signifi sackce of the study Communication is described as one of the crucial fouls of management. It services in intervention the major managerial tasks of planning direction coordination motivating and controlling. We live in a world fill up with other people. We live together, stimulate together, and play together. In our personal lives, we need each other for security, comfort, friendship, and love.In our operative environment, we need each other in order to achieve our goals and objectives. None of these goals can be achieved without communication. Communication is the basic thread that ties us together. Through communication we make get alongn our needs, our wants, our ideas, and our touchings. The better we are at communication, the more than effective we are at achieving our hopes and dreams (Alessandra, Hunsaker, 1993). Based upon conversations among the representatives, this study is important because there appears to be a lack of communication within the organization.Some of the representatives come up as though the supervisors have daily meetings, but no information is shared regarding the company changes and/or procedures. When there is an inherent communication gap it becomes difficult for anyone to efficaciously achieve goals. Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not theres an internal communication gap that exist between the representatives and the supervisors. The three objectives of this study were to 2 1. Discover whether or not there is an internal communication gap between supervisors and representatives within th e organization. . Determine the subjects perception of their immediate supervisors level of communication. 3. Identify the ship canal in which employees usually receive nearly of their information. Definition of terms sender Someone or something that sends or transmits something. To establish yourself as an effective communicator, you must(prenominal) first establish credibility. You must also know your audience (individuals or groups to which you are delivering your message). Failure to generalise who you are communicating to bequeath result in delivering messages that are misunderstood (Fowler, 2005).Message A communication in speech, writing, or signals. Written, oral and nonverbal communications are effected by the senders tone, method of organization, validity of the argument, what is communicated and what is left out, as hale as your individual style of communicating. Messages also have intellectual and emotional components, with intellect allowing us the ability to cer ebrate and emotion allowing us to present motivational appeals, ultimately changing minds and actions (Fowler, 2005). Channel A course or a means of communication or expression.Messages are conveyed through with(predicate) channels, with verbal including personal meetings, telephone and videoconferencing and indite including letters, emails, memos and reports (Fowler, 2005). 3 Receiver These messages are delivered to an audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope our message prompts from this audience. Keep in mind, your audience also enters into the communication process with ideas and come upings that ordain undoubtly influence their under baseing. Your audience will provide you with feedback, verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message.Pay close attention to this feedback as it is crucial to ensuring the audience understood your message (Fowler, 2005). Context The voice communication or phrases or passages that come ahead and aft er a particular word or passage in a speech or piece of writing and help to beg off its full meaning (Encarta, 2005). Feedback Comments in the form of opinions about the reactions to something intended to provide useful information for future decisions and development (Fowler, 2005). A literature review was completed to determine the importance of internal communication within the cook environment. Review of literatureIn every society, humans have developed spoken and written language as a means of sharing messages and meanings. The just about common form of daily communication is interpersonal- that is, face-to-face, at the uniform time and in the same place (Encarta, 2005). Communication barriers can pop-up at every stage of the communication process (which consists of sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback and context) and have the potential to create misunderstanding and confusion. To be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to 4 essen the frequency of these barriers at each stage of this process with clear, concise, accurate, sound planned communications (Fowler & Manktelow, 2005). Communication, the heart of business, is the to the highest degree important of all entrepreneurial skills. The destiny of the business depends on the quality of your relationships. Your ability to transmit information helps both clients and employees feel they can communicate with and ultimately impudence you (Black Enterprise, Charles, 1998, pg 116). Internal communication is more important today than in previous years partly because the business and market conditions are more complex.There is a lot of information in the marketplace and its crucial that employees understand it. The development of a strategic internal communication strategy and its implementation can provide a number of benefits to organizations, such as keeping employees motivated and engaged, and sharing clear, consis tent messages with employees in a well-timed(a) manner. Personal relationship is what organizations are all about -or should be. An organization, whatever its size, mission, or motive is merely a collection of people assembled to pursue a common objective.An organization lives through its people, who in turn function through communication (Brennan, 1974). Employees have their own sources, their own information organisation, separate from the management channels. These usually look the news ahead of communications from management. Not that the employee network is flawless. That system transmits information indiscriminately- Fragments, Rumors, Gossip. It may not ever so operate in the surmount interests of the organization, but it does provide a check-point when management fantasies are disguised as information.Furthermore, it enables employees to participate in the communication process, and it fills their need for information which at least seems to come from a reasonable sou rce another employee (Brennan, 1974). Employees, same(p) all people, require outlets for their thoughts and feelings. And they find them. So dont arbitrarily assume that the telling absence of employee complaints is a positive sign. Employees may be expressing themselves through other channels meetings with fellow employees, labor union representatives, government agents or through passiveaggressive behavior such as work slowdowns, carelessness, tardiness, absenteeism, and apathy.These can be symptoms that employees feel other means of participation are unavailable to them (Brennan, 1974). 5 The skill of listening becomes extremely important when we talk about upward communication. There are many avenues through which management can send messages downward through a business organization, but there are few avenues for movement of information in the upward direction (Nichols & Stevens, 1999). Many popular theories on work communication focus on the differences between men and wom en, suggesting that the sexual divide causes communication to break down. Women are seen as being more empathetic and oblique than men.Other variables that cause people to mix their messages include differences in age, culture, and socioeconomic background. Some tips to help managers bridge any communication gap were (Fortune 1994) 1. Listen actively for the subtext of peoples words. 2. Persuade rather than command. 3. Target your words to your audience. 4. React to content, not to peoples manner of expressing themselves. 5. Let people know that criticism is welcome. 6. Make your intentions clear before acting. 7. Assume that people take responsibility for what they speculate. By success to the full getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively.When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you convey do not necessarily reflect your own, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in the way of your goals-both personally an d professionally (Fowler & Mankelow, 2005). In the workplace, supervisors and their employees have opportunities to develop nonthreatening, mutually rewarding relationships. These can be quite conducive to individual and corporate health. They are akin to what in our personal life we call meaningful relationships. Supervisors who attain such relationships with employees are said to practice positive human relations. True. neertheless its done through communication. (Brennan, 1974). 6 methodological analysis of procedures Methodology can properly refer to the theoretical synopsis of the methods appropriate to a field of study or to the body of methods and principles particular to a branch of knowledge. Methodology has been increasingly used as a pretentious substitute for method in scientific and skilful contexts. Methodology is a system of meticulous rules and procedures on which research is based and against which claims for knowledge and evaluation. Research and DesignA num erical research methodology was used for the research to determine if there was a communication gap within the organization. A multiple choice single answered evaluate was distributed to the lower-level employees. A survey can be a powerful tool to improve communication between different parts of an organization. Surveys are especially useful for establishing upward communication links from lower-level employees to management. Population The survey was distributed to lower-level employees who are within the organization. The participants involved included males and females with 6 weeks to 20 years of experience within the organization.A total of 20 surveys were completed. The participants were informed per instructions on the survey and through face-to-face conversation that their participation was voluntary and the answers in which they chose would remain confidential, with the exception of the final results from all the participants. Sample The research was conducted within Admin istrative Buildings of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, located in Sylhet, Bangladesh. The organization has an 7 estimated three hundred staff which are located in three separate buildings. The administration is divided into some units and each unit has one supervisor.The subordinates report to the supervisors. Instrumentation The survey consisted of ten multiple choices single answer questions and one open ended question. The participants were asked single answer questions to discover whether or not there was an internal communication gap between supervisors and the subordinates within the organization, to determine the subjects perception of their immediate supervisors level of communication and to identify the ways in which employees usually receive most of their information. The survey was distributed to the employees by the researcher via face-to-face signature.The researcher chose face- to-face contact because it gave the participants the opportunity to ask qu estions and to have a visual picture of whom and where to return the surveys. Data collecting and transcription A Microsoft program, Excel was used to determine the percentage rate of each answer collapsen by the participants. Limitations of the study The limitations of this study were that the researcher could not distribute the surveys to forty-three employees. Some employees were not available to complete the survey due to absenteeism (vacation, personal time, sick, etc). The employees are so much busy so they cannot provide me to give information.Time is not sufficient to gain practical knowledge and prepare a report. I have no proper experience to do this kind of report. So, inexperience creates obstacle to follow the systematic and logical research methodology. 8 Analysis Findings The present study was designed to determine whether or not there were an internal communication gap that existed between the subordinates and the supervisors. The three objectives of this study were to 4. Discover whether or not there is an internal communication gap between supervisors and representatives within the organization. . Determine the subjects perception of their immediate supervisors level of communication. 6. Identify the ways in which employees usually receive most of their information. The representatives responded to questions regarding the communication within their organization. To the contrary, the result suggests that 5% of the representatives were neutral regarding the overall satisfaction of communication within this organization, 80% were very satisfied, 15% were satisfied and no one indicated that they were dissatisfied.Although majority of the representatives were very satisfied so 60% thought the organization kept them fully informed and no one indicated that the organization gave them a limited amount of information, 35% thought that they were slightly well informed, 5% answer was unclear. When asked how would you rate your supervisors communicati on skills, 80% indicated excellent and 20% marked that their supervisor communicated very close. Also, 35% indicated that whenever there was change within the organization their supervisors inform them most of the time. A 60% response was given to the supervisors informing them all the time.Like many organizations, the majority (90%) of the representatives indicated that they received most of their information through their supervisor. The overall result of the survey indicates that there does not appear to be a lack of communication between the subordinates and the superiors. 9 Results dining table 1 Which best describes your impression of communications within this organization? degree Response frequence % Keeps us fully informed 14 70 Keeps us fairly well informed 3 15 Keeps us adequately informed 2 10 Gives us hardly a limited amount of data 0 0 Doesnt tell us much at all about what is going on 0 resultant was unclear 1 5 N=20 0% Figure 1 impression of communications with in this organization. 10 5% Answer were unclear 0% Doesnt tell us what is going on 10% Adequately informed more or less well informed 15% Limited amount of information 70% Fully informed 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Table 2 How do you feel about the information you receive? Item Response Frequency % I can almost always desire it 14 70 I can usually believe it 3 15 I can believe it about half the time 2 10 I usually cant believe it 1 5 Frequency % Strongly associate 16 80 tick off 3 15 Neutral 1 5 Strongly disaccord 0 0 N=20Table 3 I have the information I need to do my job. Item Response N=20 11 Table 4 How would you rate your supervisors communication skills? Item Response Frequency % beautiful 16 80 Very good 4 20 Good 0 0 pretty 0 0 Poor 0 0 Unclear answer 0 0 N=20 20% Excellent Very Good 80% Figure 2 Supervisors communication skills. 12 Table 5 Overall, how satisfied are you with the communications within this organization? Item Response Frequency % Very satisfied 1 6 80 Satisfied 3 15 Neutral 1 5 Very dissatisfied 0 0 Unable to identify answer 0 0 N=20 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 80% 15% 5% Very Satisfied Satisfied NeutralFigure 3 Overall satisfaction of communications within the organization. 13 Table 6 From which of the chase sources do you usually receive most of your information? Item Response Frequency % Grapevine 0 0 Bulletin Board 0 0 My supervisor 18 90 Group meetings 0 0 Organizational Programs 0 0 Organizational emails 0 0 Multiple answers 2 10 N=20 Table 7 I feel confident that management considers my ideas and/or concerns. Item Response Frequency % All the time 8 40 Some of the time 12 60 Undecided 0 0 about never 0 0 Never 0 0 N=20 14 Table 8 Whenever there is a change within the organization, my supervisor Item Response Frequency of all time inform me 12 60 Inform me most of the time 7 35 Almost never informs me 0 0 Never informs me 0 0 Unable to identify answer 1 5 N=20 Table 9 The information that I receive from my supervisor is consistent with the information received from other supervisors. Item Response Frequency % Strongly see 15 75 Agree 5 25 Neutral 0 0 disagree 0 0 Strongly Disagree 0 0 N=20 15 What topics do you feel are important for you to know more about and would like the organization to inform you during future communications? Answer ? Policy and/or procedural changes ? Future and/or general changes that are coming and how to prepare for it ?Correct procedures for completing work correctly ? Adequate training for job changes ? Training and/or how to use new programs ? Overtime and/or for special projects ? All information that can help improve goals and job skills ? New updates within the system ? Legitimate reasons why things cannot be updated or corrected ? More feedback on the quality and quantity of work completed. ? Information regarding promotions ? Information regarding other departments. 16 Conclusions Communication is very important in every font of our lives. In orde r for any relationship to work properly we have to learn to communicate effectively with each other.The fact still remains that in order for any business whether entrepreneur, partnerships or corporate offices to succeed we have to communicate with someone to voice our ideas and/or concerns. The literature review addressed the importance of internal communication. It provided the researcher with background information on the different ways and the different styles of communication. Needless to say, face-to-face communication seemed to remain the number one style of communicating within organizations. Based upon the answers given on the survey, most people were thought that the communication was satisfactory within the organization.Majority of the participants also felt that their supervisor communication skills were excellent. 17 Recommendations The researcher would recommend for future research that the survey exclude any neutral options. Although by eliminating this option it forc es the participants to answer one way or the other. The researcher believes that you will get more precise answers. The supervisors can also following communication techniques can be used to increase the level of internal communication in the organization and therefore the level of the organizational efficiency (Fishman, 2000). 1. Share information with employees whenever possible.One of the most sensitive areas in management involves how much company information should be shared with employees. Many feel that information should be given on a need-to-know basis. 2. Find out if those listening to you hear what you say and interpret it correctly. One way of doing this is to ask questions that will show the understanding level of those with whom you are speaking. 18 References 1. Alessandra, T & Hunsaker, P. (1993). Communication at Work. Fireside, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. 2. Brennan, J. (1 974). The Conscious Communicator making communication work in the workplace. Addison-Wesl ey print Co. Reading, MA. . MSN Encarta Premium (2005). Retrieved May 2005 from http// www. msn. com. , accessed on 15. 12. 2011. 4. Retrieved from, http//www. communicationintheworkplace. net/, accessed on 15. 12. 2011. 5. Retrieved from, http//www. buzzle. com/articles/importance-of-communication-inthe-workplace. html, accessed on 18. 12. 2011. 6. Retrieved from, http//www4. ncsu. edu/crmiller/Publications/ATTW03. pdf, accessed on 18. 12. 2011. 7. Retrieved from, http//www2. uwstout. edu/content/lib/thesis/2005/2005mallett hamerb. pdf, accessed on 20. 12. 2011. 8. Retrieved from,http//www. lisc. org/docs/resources/experts/2007/eo_2007_03_07. df, accessed on 22. 12. 2011. 9. Retrieved from, http//www. google. com/sclient=psyab&hl=en&source=hp&q=communication+in+t he+workplace+ppt&oq=communicaton+in+the+workplace+&aq=3&aqi=g10&aql=& gs_sm=c&gs_upl=7599l8963l0l11145l8l6l0l0l0l5l766l3816l55. 1l6l0&bav=on. 2,or. r_ gc. r_pw. ,cf. osb&fp=55dcc7523cfd78c6&biw=1024&bih=577, accessed on 2 3. 12. 2011. 10. Retrieved from, http//www. managementskillsadvisor. com/effective-communicationin-the-workplace. html, accessed on 23. 12. 2011. 19 Appendix Survey Questions revel fill in the answer that best fit your experience when dealing with communication within this organization. . Which best describes your impression of communications within this organization? ? Keeps us fully informed ? Keeps us fairly well informed ? Keeps us adequately informed ? Gives us only a limited amount of Information ? Doesnt tell us much at all about what is going on ? Answer was unclear 2. How do you feel about the information you receive? ? I can almost always believe it. ? I can usually believe it. ? I can believe it about half the time. ? I usually cant believe it. 3. I have the information I need to do my job. ? Strongly Agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Strongly Disagree 20 4.How would you rate your supervisors communication skills? ? Excellent ? Very good ? Good ? Fair ? Poor ? Unclear answer 5. Overall, how satisfied are you with the communications within this organization? ? Very satisfied ? Satisfied ? Neutral ? Very dissatisfied ? Unable to identify answer 6. From which of the following sources do you usually receive most of your information? ? Grapevine ? Bulletin Board ? Company newssheet (Intranet) ? My supervisor ? Unit leader ? Group meetings ? Company Programs ? Company emails ? Multiple answers 21 7. I feel confident that management considers my ideas and/or concerns. All the time ? Some of the time ? Undecided ? Almost never ? Never 8. Whenever there is a change within the organization, my supervisor ? Always inform me ? Inform me most of the time ? Almost never informs me ? Never informs me ? Unable to identify answer 9. The information that I receive from my supervisor is consistent with the information received from other supervisors. ? Strongly Agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Disagree ? Strongly Disagree 10. What topics do you feel are important for you to know m ore about and would like the organization to inform you during future communications? 22